Annotated Bibliography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Annotated Bibliography - Essay Example This study focused on how team leanring in the context of nursing is impacted if two different methods of leanring were implemented. For this survey a total of 1111 nurses became the part of the population for the research. Through their literature review they exhibit that limited research has taken place on creativity and learning for nurisng teams. The reserachers figured out that various sorts of team leanring activities are taken up by nurisng teams in order to obtain and analyse differnet sorts of information in the context of nursing. There was little impact of the composition of a nursing team on their leanring activities (Holleman, 2009, p.1256). But major impact on team learning activities was made by various contextual factors. Activities of team learning that focused on how nursing care hsould be conducted positively impacted the implemnetation phase of innovative training methods. This research study can be used to explain what kind of trainings have proven to be benefici al for nursing teams. Holleman, G., Poot, E., Mintjes-de, G. J., & van, A. T. (September 01, 2009). The relevance of team characteristics and team directed strategies in the implementation of nursing innovations: A literature review. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 46, 9,

Mergers and Joint Ventures Essay Example for Free

Mergers and Joint Ventures Essay When a company is first born, the last thing on its owners mind is merging with another company. A merger is sometimes a voluntary and sometimes and involuntary transaction. If a company has found itself in a place of financial difficult or is simply exhausted all its resources to remain open, a merger may be the only way its employees can retain their position. The alternative would be to close its doors and give up. Below we will discuss the differences between horizontal, vertical, and conglomerate mergers and how these differ from a joint venture. Horizontal mergers occur between businesses within the same industry. Often between organizations that share the same space or sell similar competing goods or services. A horizontal merger is simply put two companies who consolidate to work as one to make the goods or services better or more profitably. A good example would be when Hewlett Packard and Compaq merged. Two rival competitors selling similar goods who merged together to continue making products as a team. According to the Minority Business Development Agency, â€Å"a vertical merger occurs when two or more firms, operating at different levels within an industrys supply chain, merge operations.† The idea behind a vertical merger is synergy. When two companies that are not necessarily selling the same type of product or products, but are in the same supply chain merge together to make a more efficient company is synergy. One example of a vertical merger would be if American Airlines merged with Boeing manufacturing company. This would cut out the middle man between American and Boeing, and give American more control of the process, versus having to go through a middle man. Conglomeration mergers are mergers between two companies that have nothing in common. Usually these two companies merge to diversify their holdings. An example of a conglomeration merger would be  like a company that makes ice cream merging with a company that owns grocery stores. Although the two companies are different, one can help the other and thus make a profit for both of the companies. The difference between a conglomeration merger and a joint venture is that a joint venture can be entered into by any two companies working separately from their original purpose on a joint project that will produce a profit for both companies. The companies agreeing to a joint venture do not necessarily have to change their original company structure or management. The original company may be a different entity entirely. Joint ventures enable companies to diversify. All of these mergers are example of companies that joined forces, and either one or both disregarded their individual identity. A joint venture in comparison is when a commercial enterprise is undertaken jointly by two or more parties, while maintaining their individual identities. This could be when a cable company and phone company create a joint venture to offer their customers’ services yet have all their bills on one tab. This makes it easier for companies to offer discounts for bundling services and makes it easy on the customer because they can go to one place rather than several places for different products. References http://www.investopedia.com/terms/h/horizontalmerger.asp Minority business development agency, U.S. Department of Commerce, (n.d.), Retrieved from http://www.mbda.gov/node/1409 N. Jones, 2010. Mergers vs joint ventures: What’s the difference? Retrieved from: http://www.brighthub.com

Hydrogen Peroxide Features and Uses

Hydrogen Peroxide Features and Uses Research Booklet The occasional table is an unthinkable game plan of the compound components, requested by their nuclear (number of protons), electron setups, and repeating concoction properties. This requesting indicates intermittent patterns, for example, components with comparative conduct in a similar segment. It additionally indicates four rectangular pieces with some roughly comparable compound properties. When all is said in done, inside one line (period) the components are metals on the left, and non-metals on the privilege. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an exceptionally light blue fluid which seems boring in a weaken arrangement, somewhat more thick than water. It is a powerless corrosive. It has solid oxidizing properties and is in this manner a capable fading operator that is generally utilized for fading paper, yet has additionally discovered use as a disinfectant and as an oxidizer. Hydrogen peroxide as carbamide peroxide is generally utilized for tooth brightening (blanching), both in professionally-and in self-managed items. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a very much recorded segment of living cells. It assumes essential parts in host resistance and oxidative biosynthetic responses. Whats more there is developing confirmation that at low levels, H2O2 additionally works as a flagging specialist, especially in higher life forms. H2O2 has progressively been an essential cell flagging operator in its own particular right, fit for tweaking both contractile and development advancing pathways with additional sweeping impacts. Because of the gathering of hydrogen peroxide in the skin of patients with the depigmentation issue vitiligo, the human epidermis cant have the ordinary limit with regards to autocrine union, transport and debasement of acetylcholine and the muscarinic (m1-m5) and nicotinic flag transduction in keratinocytes and melanocytes. Gathering proof proposes that hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) assumes a critical part in growth advancement. Trial information have demonstrated that growth cells deliver high measures of H(2)O(2). The rate of a response can be expanded by including a reasonable impetus. An impetus is a substance which changes the rate of response yet is unaltered toward the finish of the response. Just a little measure of impetus is expected to build the rate of response between a lot of reactants. An impetus is to a specific response: Different impetuses catalyse diverse responses Not all responses have reasonable impetuses The table outlines some basic impetuses utilized as a part of industry and the responses they catalyse. The impact hypothesis clarifies that gas-stage substance responses happen when particles slam into adequate active vitality. The impact hypothesis depends on the Kinetic hypothesis of gasses; accordingly, just managing gas-stage compound responses are managed. Perfect gas suspicions are connected. Moreover, we additionally are expecting: All atoms are going through space in a straight line. All atoms are unbending circles. The responses concerned are between just two atoms. The atoms need to impact. Eventually, the impact hypothesis of gasses gives the rate steady for bimolecular gas-stage responses; it is equivalent to the rate of effective crashes. The rate of effective impacts is corresponding to the part of fruitful crashes duplicated by the general impact recurrence. Substance energy is the investigation of the rates of synthetic responses or how quick responses happen. The essential prerequisite for a response to happen is that the reactant particles (iotas or atoms) must impact and communicate with each other somehow. This is the focal thought of the crash show, which is utilized to clarify many the perceptions made about synthetic energy. Crash hypothesis expresses that the rate of a concoction response is corresponding to the quantity of impacts between reactant atoms. The more regularly reactant atoms impact, the all the more frequently they respond with each other,  quicker the response rate. In all actuality, just a little portion of the crashes are powerful impacts. Compelling impacts are those that outcome in a compound response. Keeping in mind the end goal to create a compelling crash, reactant particles must have some base measure of vitality. This vitality, used to start the response, is known as the initiation vitality. For each specimen of reactant particles there will be some that have this measure of vitality. The bigger the specimen,  the more prominent the quantity of powerful impacts, and the speedier the rate of response. The quantity of particles having enough vitality is subject to the temperature of the reactants. On the off chance that reactant particles dont have the required enactment vitality when they impact, they bob off each other without responding. Some substance responses likewise require that the reactant particles be in a specific introduction to deliver a viable crash. Unless the reactant particles have this introduction when they impact, the crash wont be a compelling one. The response of ozone with nitrogen monoxide is a case of how introduction can be imperative. In 1913, Neils Bohr, an understudy of Rutherfords, produced another model of the iota. He suggested that electrons are masterminded in concentric roundabout circles around the core. This model is designed on the nearby planetary group and is known as the planetary model. The Bohr model can be compressed by the accompanying four standards: Electrons possess just certain circles around the core. Those circles are steady and are called stationary circles. Each circle has a vitality related with it. The circle closest the core has a vitality of E1, the following circle E2, and so forth. Vitality is consumed when an electron bounced from a lower circle to a higher one and vitality is radiated when an electron tumbles from a higher circle to a lower circle. The vitality and recurrence of light radiated or consumed can be figured by utilizing the distinction between the two orbital energies. In 1926 Erwin Schrà ¶dinger, an Austrian physicist, took the Bohr molecule display above and beyond. Schrà ¶dinger utilized scientific conditions to portray the probability of finding an electron in a specific position. This nuclear model is known as the quantum mechanical model of the molecule. Not at all like the Bohr display, the quantum mechanical model does not characterize the correct way of an electron, but instead, predicts the chances of the area of the electron. This model can be depicted as a core encompassed by an electron cloud. Where the cloud is most thick, the likelihood of finding the electron is most noteworthy, and then again, the electron is more averse to be in a less thick territory of the cloud. Hence, this model presented the idea of sub-vitality levels. Until 1932, the molecule was accepted to be made out of a decidedly charged core encompassed by contrarily charged electrons. In 1932, James Chadwick shelled beryllium iotas with alpha particles. An obscure radiation was delivered. Chadwick translated this radiation as being made out of particles with an impartial electrical charge and the rough mass of a proton. This molecule got to be distinctly known as the neutron. With the revelation of the neutron, a satisfactory model of the iota got to be distinctly accessible to scientists. Since 1932, through proceeded with experimentation, numerous extra particles have been found in the molecule. Likewise, new components have been made by besieging existing cores with different subatomic particles. The nuclear hypothesis has been further upgraded by the idea that protons and neutrons are made of much littler units called quarks. The quarks themselves are thus made of vibrating strings of vitality. The hypothesis of the creation of the iota keeps on being a continuous and energizing experience. Science tubes are accessible in a large number of lengths and widths, normally from 10 to 20 mm wide and 50 to 200 mm long. The top regularly includes a flared lip to help spilling out the substance. A science test tube normally has a level base, a round base, or a funnel shaped base. Some test tubes are made to acknowledge a ground glass plug or a screw top. They are frequently furnished with a little ground glass or white coating range close to the top for naming with a pencil.

One Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest :: essays research papers

"Ting. Tingle, tingle, tremble toes, she’s a good fisherman, catches hens, puts ‘em inna pens†¦wire blier, limber lock, three geese inna flock†¦one flew east, one flew west, on flew over the cuckoo’s nest†¦O-U-T spells out†¦goose swoops down and plucks you out."The book "One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest" is about a man, Randle Patrick Mc Murphy who is a rough-and-tumble, fun-loving guy who comes into the mental ward in Oregon and challenges the authoritarian nurse, Ms. Ratched. As the struggle between them goes on, Mc Murphy starts to show the other men of the ward how to loosen up and that they do not have to always listen to the nurse. Eventually, Mc Murphy is defeated when Ms. Ratched makes him get a lobotomy. When you first pick up the book, you will first notice that the story is told by one of the men who live in the ward. This is Chief Bromden; a half-Indian who is one of the long time committed men. In my eyes, the Bromden is a key character in the whole book. The Chief, in reality, is 6 foot 7 inches tall, but in his mind he sees himself as a man only two or three feet tall. This is because he has received over 200 electro-shock treatments and has been physiologically beaten to think that he is an inferior being to all others but he is not alone. All of the patients in the ward have had this done to them, some more than others. Another thing that sets the Chief apart is the fact that he has led everyone to think he is deaf and mute. This has enabled him to hear some of the secrets of the ward because everyone thought it was safe to talk around him. The Chief has also been in the army and in WWII. He claims to hear and see machinery in the walls of the ward that track and monitor all action that goes on in and around the hospital. With his experiences in war and with what he has gone through in the ward, he often loses himself in a "fog". He creates this "fog" in his mind so that he can numb the reality of where he is. Because of how he acts when in this fog, he has remained distant from all other patients in the ward. At least he was until he met McMurphy.

Designing a Personal Music Player Essay

The problem is that I have to design and make a model personal music player that will fit ergonomically into the palm of someone’s hand and fit into a pocket. I am going to design a micro-disc player that is modern and Practical and easy to use. Materials Wood Plastic Metal Glass Manufacture Glue Saw Sand paper Wet and dry paper Weight Light Heavy Storage Where will it go? What will it be stored in? Style / Aesthetics Old fashioned Futuristic Modern Art deco Cost How much will it cost to make? Ergonomics Average sizes Carrying out investigation After completing my analysis it is easy to see what areas I need to research. The first thing I need to find out about is materials. I need to research materials because it is very important that I choose the right materials to make my product. E.g. wood, metal, plastic, glass Below are a list of other areas that I must research before I can write my specification: Existing products (products that are already released on the market) Ergonomics Fittings at the moment I am unsure of what style my product is going to be, here are some of the styles: Futuristic Old fashioned Art deco Modern Analysis Materials – the materials I am going to use to construct my Micro-Disc player must be strong, light and must also look good. The materials I could consider using are: Wood, metal, plastic and glass. Ergonomics – ergonomics is the study and application of the average sizes of human beings in relation to designs. I must think about when designing my product the size of an average humans hand size. Firstly the size of people and secondly the size of my product in comparison to the average size of people. Weight – weight is an important factor I must think about when designing my product Style – I must think about and research lots of different styles, for instance: Art deco, futuristic, old fashioned, modern and many others? Manufacture – I must think about how I am going to make my product – I must remember to write myself a manufactured plan or a flow chart of how I am going to make my product. Storage – I must consider where my product will go. Researching Materials Metals: mild steel – this metal is the most common ferrous metal. it is grey in colour and is a very soft metal. Aluminium – this metal is soft and also light. If mixed with metals as an alloy it becomes strong and easy to use. Woods: hard wood -this wood is harder and generally more durable than soft woods, there are many different colours. Hard wood is normally used for high quality furniture e.g. mahogany. Hard woods are usually very expensive. Soft woods – soft woods are easy to cut, but less durable than hard woods. soft woods are lighter shades of colour and are cheaper than hard woods. soft woods are used alot in the construction industry in roofs, window frames e.g. pine MiniDiscs where created in 1992 by the Sony Corporation to be a cheap, portable, editable, digital recording format that has â€Å"near† CD quality recording. Since then MiniDiscs have taken a slow start. Because everyone had just gotten settled in with their new CD equipment, they did not want to fork out more money for something that seemed like the same thing. Now people are starting to see the real advantage of MDs, and its starting to get a little more popular. In Japan especially, prices are going down and production is going up. I heard that in Japan, the low-end decks are around $150, and discs get down to $1.50, that’s as cheap as a nice tape deck, and hi-bias tape. If more people start buying MD equipment in the US, we could reach those prices. Today, MDs in the US are kind of underground. There are a lot of people that have not heard of them yet, and not a lot of advertising. But more and more I see prices going down, and more people that know about them. Wel l enough of the boring stuff, here are some advantages and disadvantages. advantages! The sound quality is great. I have never been able to tell a difference between MD’s and a CD or DAT. MiniDiscs have an advantage to CD-Rs in that after you record something on them, you can erase the whole disc, erase one track, you can move around tracks, and put in track marks, you can even label the disc and each track. Some formats, like DAT, can do some of these things, but MDs still have the disc based media advantages. MiniDiscs are smaller. The Discs are 7cm x 7cm, and the portable recorders can be smaller than cassette walkmans. The discs are encased in a plastic shell, much like floppy discs, so you don’t have to worry about them getting scratched. Its cheap. Infact I just saw a deck for $199 at Circuit City, where the cd recorders were $499. And if you look, you can find discs for $2.50 to $3.00. There just cool. Just look at the equipment, who wouldn’t want to have this stuff. And, as of all digital formats, you can make a digital copy from any digital source through coaxial or optical connections. Of course that not all the advantages, just some of my favorite. disadvantages? MiniDiscs use compression to cut out inaudible parts of the signal, so it can fit on that little disc. Although studies show that no one can tell the difference, some people want all of there precious signal. It’s hard to find equipment and pre-recorded MDs. I live in Jefferson City, Mo which is a pretty small town, so I have to go to the Big Cities to get stuff. Also, since MiniDiscs aren’t that big in the US yet, not many pre-recorded MDs are manufactured. Those are the only disadvantages I can think of, and the first one doesn’t really even matter. Let me tell you a little more about that compression. compression: MD’s use a method of compression called ATRAC (Adaptive Transform Acoustic Coding), which only records the information audible to the human ear. It compresses the signal to One-fifth of its original size. This compression method is very similar to MPEG encoding, which is used for Mp3’s. As I said before, people have compared MDs, CDs, and DAT, and not been able to tell any difference. I bet your asking yourself, â€Å"but how does it record†? Well, I’m about to tell you. recording: MDs use a special Magento-Optical method that magnetizes regions of the discs 60 millionth of a cm apart to a North or South pole. When the laser runs across these regions, it can tell whether its N or S and starts to construct the data stream. conclusion So, all in all, MiniDiscs are a way to get CD quality recording on a compact, inexpensive, media. I love every part about MiniDiscs, and would definitely recommend them to anyone interested in Hi-Fi audio in general. Sleek, stylish, and silver! Not only does Sony’s MZ-E909 look great on the go, but its rugged magnesium body weighs in at an eminently portable 1.75 ounces. In addition to portability and chic styling, you also get track navigation and playback features cool enough to satisfy even diehard MiniDisc fans. Sony’s â€Å"Easy Skip† group/folder function gives you simple navigation through groups of tracks – especially handy if you’ve used LP4 mode on a separate recorder to fit up to 5 hours’ worth of music on a single 80-minute MD. The backlit LCD on the stick-style remote delivers nearly effortless control, even in the dark. Two digital sound presets let you adjust the bass and treble, then save your preferred settings. And Personal Disc Memory remembers those settings, along with your other listening preferences, for up to 20 discs! But there are also the tried-and-true Sony MD features you love, like MDLP(tm) playback and G-Protection(tm) for a virtually skip-free listening experience. Not to mention an amazing 145 hours maximum playback time with the supplied rechargeable plus one optional â€Å"AA† battery! You even get a handy charging stand, so you can recharge the battery without taking it out of the unit. The MZ-S1 takes MiniDisc durability to the next level! It combines the second generation of Sony’s rugged Sports styling with direct digital dubbing of your favorite PC audio to MD at up to 32 times faster than real-time. Plus, you get handy software for your PC: OpenMG(tm) Jukebox for music management, and Simple Burner QuickRip(tm), which allows you to dub CD tracks directly to MD without saving files on your computer’s hard drive. Making MD mixes of your favorite tunes is easy and quicker than ever! Taking those mixes with you while you work out is ultra-convenient, too. You get easy one-hand operation thanks to a clever thumb-control key on the grip. The included reflective hand strap and backlit LCD are perfect for nighttime jogs. The durable plastic body incorporates rubber gaskets and waterproof seals to help keep out moisture and dirt. And you’ve got G-Protection(tm) for smooth playback no matter how strenuous your workout. The MZ-S1 can also make great-sounding recordings from a CD player, radio, cassette player, and other sources (analog and optical cables available separately). MDLP(tm) record mode lets you store over 5 hours of music using a single 80-minute blank MD. And one optional â€Å"AA† battery can power the MZ-S1 for up to 54 hours! High-speed, drag-and-drop transfer of PC audio. No, it’s not an MP3 player – it’s Sony’s revolutionary new Net MD Walkman! Its advanced USB connection gives you direct digital dubbing of MP3s or ripped CD tracks from your PC to MiniDisc at speeds of up to 32X – that’s 80 minutes of music in as little as three minutes! Plus, you get handy software for your PC: OpenMG(tm) Jukebox for music management, and Simple Burner QuickRip(tm), which allows you to dub CD tracks directly to MD without saving files on your computer’s hard drive. But the pocket-sized MZ-N505 can do more than just record from your PC. It can also make great-sounding recordings from a CD player, radio, cassette player, and other sources (analog and optical cables available separately). MDLP(tm) record mode lets you store up to 5 hours of music using a single 80-minute blank MD – perfect for taking lots of tunes on the go! And, since it’s MiniDisc, you get easy recording, editing, and titling with discs that are fully rewritable, nearly indestructible, and ultra-affordable. Sony’s G-Protection(tm) skip recovery system makes your MD listening experience a smooth one. And an optional â€Å"AA† battery can power the MZ-N505 for up to 56 hours!

Texas Proposition 12 essays

Texas Proposition 12 essays Bill HJR 3 from the 78th regular session states proposing a constitutional amendment concerning civil lawsuits against doctors and health care providers, and other actions, authorizing the legislature to determine limitations on Bill HJR 3, also known as proposition 12 on the September 2003 ballot was an issue with great intensity on both sides of the spectrum. The premise of the bill was to limit non-economic damages from malpractice and other health care related issues to $250,000. Non-economic damages are also referred to as punitive damages, which at times have seen judgments upwards of ten million dollars. This poses serious problems for physicians attempting to practice medicine in Texas. With lottery sized rewards being thrown out left and right, trial lawyers feel that they can afford to take a shot at many cases, and hope one scores the jackpot. Consequently, malpractice insurance for doctors in this state have risen to phenomenal highs, and have forced doctors to literally abandon certain services, higher risk cases that leave patients with no other alternative, or even abandon their whole practice all together. Physicians have also limited the Medicaid and Medicare that they take, and their acceptance of complicated problems. If things continue like this, then many patients will have to seek care in distant cities. Proposition 12 is important because it instills lost confidence that physicians once had. It allows them to focus on their practice and continue to see patients with all sorts of issues, from minor to major complications without worrying about the severe repercussions of a misjudgment. After all, physicians are here to better ones well-being and ensure that they are in optimal health, despite what the trial lawyers try to spoon feed the public. Because proposition 12 created such a fervor, it produced extremists for and against the issue. Furthermore, the notio ...

The Tierra Capri Gobble Story

The Tierra Capri Gobble Story Tierra Capri Gobble was sentenced to death in Alabama in 2005 for the beating death of her four-month-old son, Phoenix Cody Parrish. Phoenix Cody Parrish was born on August 8, 2004, in Plant City, Florida. Within 24 hours of being born Cody was removed from his mothers custody by the Florida Department of Children and Families. The department had previously charged Gobble with the abandonment of her first child, Jewell, and had removed her from her mothers care. Court Order to Stay Away Ignored Jewell and Cody were placed with Gobbles uncle, Edgar Parrish, who agreed to take temporary custody of the children. Parrish also agreed to keep the children away from Gobble and Codys father, Samuel Hunter. Both Gobble and Hunter were also given a court order to stay away from the children. Soon after gaining custody of Cody, Parrish moved to Dothan, Alabama. By the end of October 2004, both Gobble and Hunter had moved into Parrishs mobile home with him, his roommate Walter Jordan and the children. The Death of Cody Parish According to Gobble, in the early morning hours of December 15, 2004, she was having trouble getting Cody to go to sleep because he was fussing. At around 1:00 a.m. Gobble went to feed him. After he finished his bottle, she put him back in his crib. She checked on him again at around 9:00 a.m. and found him playing. Gobble went back to sleep and awoke at 11:00 a.m. When she went to check on Cody she discovered that he was not breathing. Gobble called Jordan, who was also in the trailer that morning. Jordan went to get Parrish, who was nearby. Parrish returned to the trailer and telephoned emergency 911. When paramedics arrived, Cody was unresponsive, and they rushed him to a local hospital. Attempts to resuscitate him were unsuccessful and he was pronounced dead. The Autopsy Report The autopsy showed that Cody died as a result of blunt-force trauma to his head. His skull had been fractured. Cody had numerous other injuries, including fractured ribs, a fracture to his right arm, fractures to both wrists, multiple bruises on his face, head, neck, and chest and a tear in the inside of his mouth that was consistent with a bottle having been shoved into his mouth. Officer Tracy McCord of the Houston County Sheriffs Department took Gobble into custody several hours after Cody was taken to the hospital. Gobble told McCord that she was Codys primary caretaker even though Parrish was his guardian and that she would occasionally get frustrated with him when he would not go to sleep. She admitted that she could have broken his ribs from holding him too tightly. Gobble also said and that when she was holding Cody she leaned down in the crib to get his blanket quickly and Codys head might have struck the side of the crib at that time. As a result of the autopsy and remarks Gobble made to McCord, she was charged with capital murder. The Trial The state prosecutors accused Gobble of slamming Codys head against his crib which resulted in his death. Dr. Jonas R. Salne, the emergency room doctor who treated Cody at Southeast Alabama Medical Center, testified that Cody had bruises, contusions, on his face, scalp, and chest - literally everywhere. He also testified that the injuries that Cody suffered would have been extremely painful. Tori Jordan testified that she had known Gobble for over two years and that she had periodically babysat Jewell. She said that Gobble had told her that if she couldnt have her children, no one could. Gobbles Testimony During the trial Gobble testified in her own defense and portrayed Hunter as abusive and domineering. She alluded to the fact that Hunter abused Cody. She also testified that she was the primary caretaker for the children even though she was under a court order to not be around her children. She said that several days before his death she noticed that Cody had bruises on his body, but she did not do anything because she was scared. Gobble further testified that she was the only person to have contact with Cody for the 10 hours immediately before his death. She did not telephone 9-1-1 when she realized he was not breathing because she did not want to get into trouble. Cross-Examination During her cross-examination, the State introduced a letter written by Gobble in which she wrote that she was responsible for Codys death. In the letter Gobble writes, Its my fault that my son died but I didnt mean for it to happen. The jury convicted Gobble of capital murder. By a vote of 10 to 2, it was recommended that Gobble be sentenced to death. The circuit court followed the jurys recommendation and sentenced Gobble to death. Also convicted: Samuel David Hunter pleaded guilty to manslaughter and was sentenced to prison. He was released on February 25, 2009. Edgar Parrish pleaded guilty to aggravated child abuse and was released from prison on November 3, 2008. Thrown Away The body of Phoenix Cody Parrish was never claimed from the morgue. Gobbles father and step-mother, who testified in court that their daughter was a loving mother, never showed up to bury the child, nor did any other relative. A group of concerned citizens in Dothan felt as if the child, who had endured abuse from the time he was born, had simply been thrown away. A collection was organized and enough money was raised to buy clothes to bury Cody in, along with a casket and a burial plot. On December 23, 2004, Cody Parrish was buried by caring, tearful strangers.

Essay Darrow Aluminum

Essay Darrow Aluminum Essay Darrow Aluminum Size-Up and Key Factors Macroeconomic and Industry Conditions The bond yield curve supports the belief that the US economy is expected to grow in the near term (yields are increasing over time). The aluminum industry is mature in North America, although growth is not expected to decline. The aluminum industry does not appear to have significant barriers to entry. Aluminum products appear to be commoditized, ie there is no easy way of differentiating based on product attributes and hence companies in this industry likely have to compete on price. Export markets, specifically emerging markets, represent a source of growing demand for aluminum products. This is an attractive opportunity for firms in the industry, representing both a potential source of revenue growth as well as diversification and risk mitigation. However, this is not entirely risk-free, as it would expose firms to more complicated operational challenges as well as currency risk. There are also considerations surrounding ease of entry and domestic competition within emerging markets – Darrow LPC has no significant presence in emerging markets and may not be able to price competitively with domestic producers of similar products on account of its exclusively (higher-cost – unionized workforce etc.) North American operations. Borrowing costs for firms are rising. The prime rate is on the rise, lending options for smaller companies are limited – large banks have no interest in financing small-scale deals - and the required rate of return from venture capital is fairly high at ~25% and would entail the imposition of covenants. Aluminum demand is still largely driven by demand within the United States and other Western countries, but growth is expected in developing economies. Continued demand for Aluminum LPC products in the United States, expected to be at around 2%, combined with even greater emerging market demand, indicate that demand for LPC products will continue to grow in the near-term. Aluminum foil packaging products, the LPC Division’s primary product in terms of revenues at present, is considered a major source of growth and profit potential. Secondary aluminum markets are on the rise due to lower cost, convenience and growing customer acceptance. This could represent a significant threat to operating margins should the growth of secondary markets place downward pressure on the price for aluminum products. The price of aluminum is volatile, fluctuating between $1100 and $1325 per tonne in just a two-year span. Further, the price of aluminum is expected to rise to $1600 by 1996. This could raise input costs significantly, hurting margins and creating the potential of increased competition from substitute products manufactured from a different material should the price of aluminum make other substitutes more attractive or less costly. Internal Considerations Darrow LPC is largely reliant on supplying foil to the tobacco industry, which accounts for 67% of their sales. Moreover its contract with Feldman, its largest customer, does not specify a minimum volume to be supplied. This is a significant risk as the tobacco industry would generally be considered an industry in decline in the United States at this time. Darrow’s aluminum and steel cable wrap products, although accounting for a much smaller percentage of revenue than foil packaging at this time, are experiencing rapid growth. Insulation wrap demand would be subject to cyclicality due to its association with residential construction. This isn’t a concern in the short-term given anticipated economic growth in the US and abroad, but could face sharp decline should that not prove to be the case. Darrow LPC has a young and capable management team and experienced executives in Dillon and Bennet. Darrow LPC has a unionized workforce. Although labour relations are generally considered good, this suggests a higher cost structure than could be achieved by

ENGL - Is vegetarianism a more healthful or a more ethical lifestyle Essay

ENGL - Is vegetarianism a more healthful or a more ethical lifestyle than a meat-eating diet - Essay Example While humans have the physical capacity to consume meat, I will argue in this paper that vegetarianism is the healthier option and support this with data that supports this viewpoint. The effects of a consuming a vegetarian diet has been widely studied. A number of different studies have come to the conclusion that people consuming vegetarian diets have, in general, a longer life expectancy and seem to have lower rates of coronary heart disease, lower rates of hypertension and diabetes. They also seem to have lower body weight and a lower incidence of high cholesterol. In addition, the presence of certain cancers is slightly lower than in people who consume meat (Fraser, 2009). It must, however, be noted that there is a wide disparity between the different types of vegetarians. The different types show different trends in health (Fraser, 2009). In fact, the American Dietetic Association (ADA) and the Dieticians of Canada have published papers suggesting that a vegetarian diet that is planned properly is healthy, provides enough nutrition and may contribute to the prevention of several conditions. All the nutrients necessary for a person’s development can be obtained from a vegetarian diet. A vegetarian diet is said to be appropriate for any stage of life including, childhood, adolescence, pregnancy or lactation (Anonymous, 2003). The lowering of certain diseases is probably attributable to the fact that well-planned vegetarian diets have lower levels of cholesterol, saturated fats and animal fats as well as having plenty of carbohydrates, fibre, magnesium, potassium, folate and several vitamins (Anonymous,2003). From an ethical view, a vegetarian diet has been said to be much more humane. 15% of vegetarians reported that they turned vegetarian for ethical reasons (Vegetarian Times, 1992 from Palaniswamy, 2003). People have been

Research Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Research Project - Essay Example To a great extent, with time, animals and humans have learnt to make their peace with the plant kingdom, as well as have understood that importance of preserving the same due to the growing levels of environmental pollution on the planet. Carson’s book Silent Spring is a reminder of this very co existence between plants, animals and humans and how human beings must make it their mission to maintain the level of peace and calm within society for generations to come by preserving the environment and spreading awareness regarding the same. Time has come to ask ourselves, how is it that we can make this world a better place? We must take a look at the environment around us and begin from there. Plants and trees form a very important aspect of life; they provide us with oxygen as well as food. At the same time however, we `tend to over utilize the quality of the little plant life that is available in order to make maximum use in terms of cooking, eating as well as all other forms o f consumption. This is done by adding chemicals like pesticides and fertilizers to plants in order to ensure that they are kept away from being eaten by pests or flourish and grow faster. However, this attitude towards a speedier production level has led to a great amount of turmoil as explained further, and needs to be kept in check. The American environmental movement began strongly after Carson advocated the same through her book regarding the excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers on plants world over. Although these products are used for the purpose of cleaning crops and making sure those plants are free from pests and insects, Carson’s letters (which are also a part of the book) talk about how these products have been causing ill effects to the environment at large. Pesticides like DDT have resulted in killing birds and animals that come near these plants, thus harming the environment. Moreover, excessive use of these products has also led to the failure in growth of a large number of crops. (Radford, Tim) As these pesticides become mixed with the plants, consumption of the crops by human beings has also led them to fall prey to diseases and sicknesses causing long term damage. All of this has adversely affected the entire food chain or web. It must be understood that growing these crops is a large part of farmer’s production in the country and cannot be stopped as it will affect the entire economic cycle; on the other hand however, the environment is getting harmed with the rampant use of fertilizers and pesticides. Something must be done to prevent these plants from dying or from birds and animals, as well as humans, from consuming them and falling sick. (Berenbaum, May) Carson writes, "In Florida, two children found an empty bag and used it to repair a swing. Shortly thereafter both of them died and three of their playmates became ill. The bag had once contained an insecticide called parathion, one of the organic phosphates; tests e stablished death by parathion poisoning." (Carson, Rachel) These lines are enough to tell the reader about the emotion that has been placed in making others realize how important it is to do something that might change the state of the environment around us. To make the world a better place, probably, steps need to be taken to ensure that awareness is spread regarding how much the ecosystem is being

Account for Japans decision to go to war against the United States in Essay

Account for Japans decision to go to war against the United States in 1941 - Essay Example Attempts to successfully negotiate a ceasefire failed primarily on account of Japan’s refusal to return conquered territory (Iinkai 1973, 111). As the Second World War progressed, Japanese leaders began to feel increasingly vulnerable and particularly isolated (Bess 2008, 27). From the Japanese perspective the Soviet Union was a long and enduring enemy so that by 1936 Japan had subscribed to an anti-Communist pact with Germany and Italy. Fortifying the anti-Communist and anti-Soviet stance, Japanese military factors had conflict with the Soviet factions on Korea’s border with the Soviet Union in 1938. A larger battle would follow between the two in 1939 at Nomonhan near the border between Mongolia and Manchuria. The latter was a region in China conquered by Japan. The Soviets defeated the Japanese in this later battle and forcing Japan to conclude a non-aggression truce with the Soviets having learned that Germany had entered into a similar agreement with the Soviets. The knowledge that Germany had engaged a non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union would be a turning point for Japan. In the latter stages of the 1930s Japan had commenced cooperation strategies with Nazi Germany, assuming that the two nations would jointly attack the Soviet Union and divide that country’s wealth between them (Duiker and Spielvogel 2006, 696). Japan came to the realization that it could not take the Soviet Union on its own and would inevitably have to find another method for obtaining its wealth. Attention then turned to Southeast Asia. This would mean a potential war with the Europe over its colonies in the area and the US who had already expressed disapproval of Japan’s attack on China, particularly following an attack on a US naval ship stationed in China (Duiker and Spielvogel 2006, 696). German victories in Europe in 1940 however, particularly the

Explain the Meaning of the Four Noble Truths Essay

Explain the Meaning of the Four Noble Truths - Essay Example This truth helps us understand that we should be realistic and seek to better understand suffering inorder to lessen it when it occurs (Molloy 133). The Second Truth: Suffering generally comes from Desire When Buddha took the time to analyze suffering, he found that it is often experienced due to our nature that is rarely satisfied what we may happen to have. The Sanskrit word â€Å"trishna† can invariably be translated to mean craving which is seen to suggest both the fear of loss as well as an addiction (Molloy 133). The Third Truth: To Ending Desire will End Suffering Although this truth is seen to generally contradict a number of western notions that encourage one to try and achieve every imaginable desire, its guiding principles are seen to essentially be true. Buddha himself left his family and possessions and taught his followers that their desire for any form of attachments would invariably result in their suffering. Although it might be impossible or difficult to chan ge the entire outside world, I can be able to sufficiently change how I view the outside world by changing myself (Molloy 133). The Fourth Noble Truth: Release from Suffering is Possible The ultimate goal of the entire Buddhism religion is for one to be able to attain nirvana which suggest inner peace, liberation as well as the end of suffering. One is able to obtain self-control and not be driven by emotional forces. Buddhist followers are generally encouraged to try and follow the noble Eight fold Path as it is perceived that this will aid them in the attainment of nirvana (Molloy 134). What is Nirvana? As is often common in Hinduism, the outside everyday world that experiences constant change is also referred to as samsara in Buddhism. This term is seen to suggest both pain and decay and according to Buddhist teachings, one is able to eventually be liberated from Samsara by attaining Nirvana. It is widely believed that Nirvana is essentially a state where one is able to exist wit hout experiencing any limitations. Although there exists a misconception among most individuals in the West who commonly think of nirvana as being a psychological state mainly because it is often described as helping evoke both peace and joy, nirvana is found to better be thought of as being generally indescribable and largely beyond all the possible psychological states (Molloy 139-140). Why is Nirvana Important? Although the actual attainment of nirvana is seen to occur rather rarely, it is generally theoretically very possible for one to be able to attain this much sought after state within their lifetime. Buddha himself is said to have only managed to finally entire nirvana at the time of his enlightenment. Most Buddhists seek to attain nirvana due to the promise of peace and contentment that is offered. Nirvana is also important as it effectively signifies the end of an individual’s circle of constant rebirth and death. It is a common belief in most cultures inclusive of Buddhism that one is essentially born a number of times before their current life (Molloy 139-140). What are the Basic Differences between the Theravada and the Mahayana Buddhists? Although Mahayana Buddhists and the Theravada Buddhists happen to share essentially similar core beliefs and have an essentially identical devotion to both the teachings and the life of Buddha, there a number of differences existing between the two branches of Buddhism. A key difference is that while Theravada Buddhism is found to be more widespread in the South East Asia regions and is widely believed to essentially be older and close to the original form of Buddhism, Mahayana Buddhism

Media Event Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Media Event - Assignment Example Her main objective is to find them suitable jobs or protective environment after graduation. This is to prevent them from landing in the streets. The director of this movie, Samantha Buck, demonstrates sensitivity in a dramatic way to those students with special needs as the camera keys rove in on Mimo’s reactions. Ms. Mimo is the star and a protagonist with a bright face that does not hide anything as she focuses on the audience’s emotions. The camera lingers on the students who have grown with frustrating experiences longer than comfort. The â€Å"Best Kept Secret† film is exemplary in the sense that, it never seeks to hide any truth from the framework of the narrative. This section will explore two Special Education Laws websites, and two special education court previous cases. The first website is wrightslaw.com (http://www.wrightslaw.com/caselaw.htm). This website explores various cases from the U.S Supreme Court, Courts of Appeals, District Courts, and Noteworthy Cases. The first case mentioned in this website is the case of U.S Department of Justice Verses Day Care Centre in Oklahoma. The case was filed with the U.S Department of Justice. The statement of the case alleged that, the Camelot denied the person the right to participate in field trips, hence violating the Americans with Disabilities Act. The case was settled on the November 27th, 2013, the child in question, with Down Syndrome and toileting issues. The court ruled that, Camelot shall not discriminate any child on the grounds of disability. This includes full participation and enjoyment of goods, services, privileges, advantages and accommodation. The second website is the special education advisor.com (http://www.specialeducationadvisor.com/special-education-laws/brief-history-of-special-education-court-cases/). The case was heard by the Supreme Court. The case was between the Board of Education of Hendrick Hudson Central School

Summary of us vs morris 928 F .2d 504 (2d cir 1991) Essay

Summary of us vs morris 928 F .2d 504 (2d cir 1991) - Essay Example According to the appellant, the most that he could have been guilty of was exceeding his authorized access, a far less serious offence (US vs Morris 1991). Affirming the lower court’s conviction, the appellate court examined the legislative history of the 1986 Act. The 1986 amends a previous 1984 legislative provision which called for prosecution of persons who knowingly gained unauthorized access to federal interest computers and caused damages and prevented authorized use of the computer. The appellate court felt that the reason for the change from knowingly to intentionally was to ensure that persons who carelessly, mistakenly, or inadvertently gained unauthorized access to federal interest computers would not be caught by the act. Moreover, the mens rea of knowingly might not be appropriate in cases where computer technology was involved (US vs Morris 1991). However, the appellate court did not feel that the legislative intent to preclude inadvertent, mistaken and careless access to federal interest computers from criminal prosecutions in an appropriate case.

Explain the Meaning of the Four Noble Truths Essay

Explain the Meaning of the Four Noble Truths - Essay Example This truth helps us understand that we should be realistic and seek to better understand suffering inorder to lessen it when it occurs (Molloy 133). The Second Truth: Suffering generally comes from Desire When Buddha took the time to analyze suffering, he found that it is often experienced due to our nature that is rarely satisfied what we may happen to have. The Sanskrit word â€Å"trishna† can invariably be translated to mean craving which is seen to suggest both the fear of loss as well as an addiction (Molloy 133). The Third Truth: To Ending Desire will End Suffering Although this truth is seen to generally contradict a number of western notions that encourage one to try and achieve every imaginable desire, its guiding principles are seen to essentially be true. Buddha himself left his family and possessions and taught his followers that their desire for any form of attachments would invariably result in their suffering. Although it might be impossible or difficult to chan ge the entire outside world, I can be able to sufficiently change how I view the outside world by changing myself (Molloy 133). The Fourth Noble Truth: Release from Suffering is Possible The ultimate goal of the entire Buddhism religion is for one to be able to attain nirvana which suggest inner peace, liberation as well as the end of suffering. One is able to obtain self-control and not be driven by emotional forces. Buddhist followers are generally encouraged to try and follow the noble Eight fold Path as it is perceived that this will aid them in the attainment of nirvana (Molloy 134). What is Nirvana? As is often common in Hinduism, the outside everyday world that experiences constant change is also referred to as samsara in Buddhism. This term is seen to suggest both pain and decay and according to Buddhist teachings, one is able to eventually be liberated from Samsara by attaining Nirvana. It is widely believed that Nirvana is essentially a state where one is able to exist wit hout experiencing any limitations. Although there exists a misconception among most individuals in the West who commonly think of nirvana as being a psychological state mainly because it is often described as helping evoke both peace and joy, nirvana is found to better be thought of as being generally indescribable and largely beyond all the possible psychological states (Molloy 139-140). Why is Nirvana Important? Although the actual attainment of nirvana is seen to occur rather rarely, it is generally theoretically very possible for one to be able to attain this much sought after state within their lifetime. Buddha himself is said to have only managed to finally entire nirvana at the time of his enlightenment. Most Buddhists seek to attain nirvana due to the promise of peace and contentment that is offered. Nirvana is also important as it effectively signifies the end of an individual’s circle of constant rebirth and death. It is a common belief in most cultures inclusive of Buddhism that one is essentially born a number of times before their current life (Molloy 139-140). What are the Basic Differences between the Theravada and the Mahayana Buddhists? Although Mahayana Buddhists and the Theravada Buddhists happen to share essentially similar core beliefs and have an essentially identical devotion to both the teachings and the life of Buddha, there a number of differences existing between the two branches of Buddhism. A key difference is that while Theravada Buddhism is found to be more widespread in the South East Asia regions and is widely believed to essentially be older and close to the original form of Buddhism, Mahayana Buddhism

Summary of us vs morris 928 F .2d 504 (2d cir 1991) Essay

Summary of us vs morris 928 F .2d 504 (2d cir 1991) - Essay Example According to the appellant, the most that he could have been guilty of was exceeding his authorized access, a far less serious offence (US vs Morris 1991). Affirming the lower court’s conviction, the appellate court examined the legislative history of the 1986 Act. The 1986 amends a previous 1984 legislative provision which called for prosecution of persons who knowingly gained unauthorized access to federal interest computers and caused damages and prevented authorized use of the computer. The appellate court felt that the reason for the change from knowingly to intentionally was to ensure that persons who carelessly, mistakenly, or inadvertently gained unauthorized access to federal interest computers would not be caught by the act. Moreover, the mens rea of knowingly might not be appropriate in cases where computer technology was involved (US vs Morris 1991). However, the appellate court did not feel that the legislative intent to preclude inadvertent, mistaken and careless access to federal interest computers from criminal prosecutions in an appropriate case.

Enders Game Essay Example for Free

Enders Game Essay I selected this book because I was thinking that it would keep me entertained and make it so that I will not fall asleep. This was one of those books that it did not matter about what happened before it you can just start reading it from the start, so before the book began I have now idea what happened I just started to read the book and I liked it. When the book begins it starts out with ender and his brother and sister and his brother is mean and is always threatening his younger brother ender and his younger sister. In this story it is the narrator that is telling it. The setting was important because it was at Enders house at first and his older brother, bulling hem, which made ender stronger and made it so that he would look out for himself. In the beginning the author held my interest because the government shipped ender off to military school at age three. Journal Entry #2 Ender go’s to military school and he gets bullied from the start and makes a name for himself right at the beginning by braking some kids arm, so after that every one starts to put together gangs and start having gang wars in the battle rooms and in the cafeteria. There where lots of twist in this story like ender would always when the war games and he was the commander of army’s and he was just smarter than the older boys. It was pretty easy to fallow the plot if I didn’t zone out but if I did zone out than it was pretty easy to know what was happening because the story would repeat its self. The language in the book was really easy to understand there was a lot of a made up words but it was all right. The mane thing emerges in the book when it comes to the battle games and ender is better then everyone else. Journal entry #3 The climax of the story was when ender meet bean, ender was hard on bean just like how the government was hard on ender and that made bean a lot stronger. But ender and bean come together and they start to when all of these battles together. There are lots of lessons I learned about this book, I learned that life isn’t always easy and the hard things in life make you stronger. If someone talked to me about this book I would tell him or her it was a good book and I would recommend it to them because there was a lot of action in it. But the book did not meet my expectations because I do not like it when three year olds are talking like they are 25 years old I think that was a little over bored and when the three year olds are going to military school that was dome I think that he should have made them 18 because that is more realistic.

Taylors Scientific management Theory

Taylors Scientific management Theory CRITICALLY ASSESS THE WAYS IN WHICH F.W.TAYLORS SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT THEORY HAS INFLUENCED HOW CONTEMPORARY ORGANISAYIONS ARE MANAGED. Introduction (250 words) (Write after written the main body) Brief explanation of scientific management Briefly say how this links to contemporary management * Father of scientific management (Pollard, 1982, page 3) * Scientific management was developed as Taylor realised workers never worked anywhere near the speed possible due to the lack of knowledge and control from the managers; this was known as systematic soldiering. (Pollard, 1982, page 4) * Although Taylor had many followers that also influenced scientific management this essay will just focus on Taylor and his contributions as these were the most significant. Section 1 Explanation of scientific management and Taylor and his principles. (short section) (300 words) During the nineteenth century production started to change, these changes meant that new management techniques were needed. Taylor began as an apprentice in manufacturing and quickly became a consultant where he conducted time and motion studies to find the most efficient way of completing a task; this became known as the one best way. Tasks were standardised and divided up in to small repetitive tasks workers were then assigned to a task that they were most suited to. These methods are known as division of labour and job specialisation. Taylor had five main principles that scientific management is based around. Roberts (2009) summarised these as: 1. A clear division of task and responsibilities 2. Use scientific methods to determine the one best way of doing a job 3. Scientific selection of best person for the newly designed job. 4. Ensure workers are trained to perform the job the one best way 5. Strict surveillance of workers using a hierarchy of authority and close supervision. Taylor saw people as lazy and motivated by money and consequently used piece rates to increase productivity. This view caused almost all responsibility of the workers to be removed. Taylors principles increased productivity, cut costs and increased wages. They allowed unskilled workers to be employed. Taylor gave managers their control back and this was a very important part of scientific management. Linking sentence many of these principles are still used, some have been modified and others have been turned on their head. So in one way or another all parts of scientific management have influenced contemporary management. Section 2 Advantages of scientific management and what this has led to in contemporary management. (400 words) When the advantages of scientific management are analysed it can be seen that many of these methods are used today in one way or another. This is because the same basic contradictions and pressures face managers at the start of the twenty-first century as they did at the beginning of the twentieth. (Stoney, 2001, page ) Increasing efficiency and productivity links to the aim of profit maximization today (Peaucelle, 2000). Piece rates are still used today but usually alongside some other form of remuneration. This is because piece rates alone lead to poor quality and more waste as workers work too quickly. It can be seen that piece rates solved the problem of soldiering but in the twenty-first century have caused the opposite problem. The principles of standardization and having clearly defined rules are a common theme within many contemporary organisations. Clear rules are a necessity today especially where delegation and decentralisation exist. This shows how this principle has developed. Taylor had a more autocratic style of management where workers were just told what to do through these clear rules; now in many organisations a democratic style is used to empower and motivate employees and so clear rules are necessary for a different reason for employees to see what individual responsibilities they hold. Division of labour and job specialisation have formed the basis of other concepts, for example Ritzers Mcdonaldization. Mcondaldization is the process by which the principles of the fast-food industry are coming to dominate more and more sectors. (Ritzer, 2004, page 1). The four main principles are efficiency, calculability, predictability and control; these align with Taylors principles. In the fast food industry it is necessary to have clear rules and standardization as tasks are dependent on each other and without these principles the fast service predicted by consumers would not be received. This proves that scientific management is still very much alive today. Within contemporary management there are many types of control, scientific management focused on what is now known as efficiency control. Taylor sought control over every aspect of an employees job, right from its manner of execution to the final outcomes desired. (Parker, L, D. Lewis, N, R, 1995, p 218). This total control was due to Taylors view of employees which is similar to McGregors theory X style of management where workers are passive, self centred and dislike responsibility (Roberts and Corbett, 2009, page 249). From this it can be seen that Taylors ideas on control are still relevant today as theory X views are still used in some contemporary organisations such as McDonalds and other fast-food restaurants. Linking sentence into disadvantages and back to the question. Section 3: (Disadvantages of scientific management and what this has led to in contemporary management. (400 words) Scientific management received a lot of criticism especially from trade unions in the United Kingdom. Despite these criticisms being bad for scientific management and Taylor himself they have helped other concepts of management to develop and avoid the problems that these principles created for scientific management. One of the major problems with scientific management was that many managers were selective in the principles that they employed. Scientific management became a tool for driving workers harder rather than a means of rewarding them for efficiency gains (Witzel, 2005, page 91). Management in organisations today realise the importance of motivation. Many theorist of motivation, for example Stacey Adams and the equity theory (Roberts and Corbett ,2009), have recognised that employees are motivated be perceiving remuneration as fair. It is quite common for organisations that have the aim of increasing productivity will set targets that entail a bonus for the employees if it is reached. Scientific management removed the control from the employees and so innovation was scarce; one of the reasons for this was the fact that managers perceived conflict as a bad thing. This view is consistent with the unitarist perspective where there are common goals and no conflict (Roberts and Corbett, 2009). However even in industries where scientific management is implemented heavily, such as Toyota, use concepts such as continuous improvement (where employees views are discussed and considered). This shows a more pluralist view where conflict is seen as inevitable which leads to more employee involvement. This shift in management style was due to the high labour turnover and absenteeism that could have been due to dissatisfied employees. Scientific management is dehumanizing, employees become cogs in a machine (Roberts 2009, slide 10) which is demotivating. Taylor fell for a too mechanistic, too inhumane image of human nature (Tsukamoto, 2008, p.349). To overcome this contemporary organisations use concepts such as job rotation to ensure that employees dont get bored, also social factors are taken into consideration as Mayo found in some of the Hawthorne studies that these factors play an important part in motivation which in turn increases efficiency. However it can be argued that by training the employees to become first class men (Wren, 1994, page 220) motivation was considered and so this principle could just have been extended rather than modified. Section 4: how scientific management is used within industries today. (400 words) The main industries today that make use of scientific management principles are fast food restaurants and call centres. Call centre work is a modern form of Taylorism. (Dieter et al,2003, p.311). Call centres employee unskilled workers who have a low level of control; due to the standardisation and monotonous tasks that have to be completed they have high labour turnover and absenteeism. From this it can be seen that it may well be necessary to use Taylors principles despite the disadvantages that they bring. Mangers of call centres will be well aware of the other concepts of management that exist but they may have decided that scientific management is well suited to the aims of the organisation. As mentioned earlier the Mcdonaldization of society explains the influence of the fast food industry on other sectors in the global market. It could be perceived that this is the industry that implements scientific management the most; however some modifications to Taylors main principles have been made. For example there is more flexibility now due to the fast moving pace of the global economy, without this change this industry may not have been able to keep up with the changes that are necessary to staying competitive. With the slight modification of the main principles the influence of scientific management can be seen in many firms that form part of our everyday lives. For example retailers such as Ikea and Starbucks use these principles to a greater or lesser extent. As well as this universities and health care also implement these principles to help to improve their efficiency. Section 5: Conclusion (250 words) Although ideas such as standardisation and job specialisation are used less the newer objectives such as diversification and flexibility are only possible through increasing efficiency which is one of Taylors main aims. (Peaucelle 2000) The management style that is implemented within an organisation depends a lot on the managers styles of leadership which to some degree is influence by the industry. Scientific management was a product of its environment in the sense that it grew out of the pressing needs of industry for efficiency. (Wren, 1994, p.221). This need was due to an increase in machinery which required different management techniques. Today technology is developing very quickly and so Taylors principles are relevant now as they enable managers to cope with the fast pace of these changes effectively and efficiently. Scientific management was a significant force, however, and it continued to evolve as individuals and ideas come forth in an ever-changing cultural environment. (Wren, 1994, p.217). It will continue to influence future concepts of management through its advantages and disadvantages that cause modifications to be made and new styles to evolve. Taylors Scientific Management Theory Taylors Scientific Management Theory Introduction The purpose of this essay is to identify the principles and various criticisms of Taylors scientific management and to discuss whether Frederick Taylors principles and ideas can be used successfully in todays contemporary organizations. Fredrick Winslow Taylor (1856 1915), was a leading pioneer in the studies of management, and was often known as the father of scientific management. Taylor (1915) revolutionized management in the twentieth century by focusing on mass production of inexpensive products, resulting in economy stability and a standardization of major industrial processes. The publication of his book titled ‘Principles of Scientific Management was influential in its contribution to management studies around the world (Bedelan and Wren, 2001). Principles of Scientific Management Taylor (1911) reported that managers, in his time, relied on the personal initiative of workers for achieving productivity, although high levels of productivity were rarely attained. In contending that workers performed at levels beneath their true capacities, he came up with four principles of scientific management to be followed by managers: The First Principle focused on how the workers would perform their daily tasks. To find out the most efficient method of performing specific tasks, Taylor studied them in great detail and considered the ways different workers went about performing their everyday jobs. Once Taylor understood the existing way of performing a task, he then experimented to increase specialization (Taylor 1911). The reason for the success of this principle is that it made jobs simple for workers and reduce unnecessary movements. Taylor also wanted to find ways to improve each workers ability to perform a particular task. The Second Principle was to arrange the new techniques of performing tasks into written rules and standard operating procedures. Once the best method of performance task was determined, it would be communicated to all workers. The Third Principle required the selection of workers who possessed skills and abilities to match the needs of the tasks, and to train them to perform the task against established procedures. To increase specialization, Taylor believed workers had to understand the task that were required and be trained to perform them at the required level. Workers who could not be trained to do this level were to be transferred to a job where they were able to reach the minimum required level of proficiency. The Fourth Principle was to set a fair level of performance for a task, and then develop a pay system that provides a reward for performance above the acceptable level. To encourage workers to perform at a high level of efficiency, and to provide them with an incentive to reveal the most efficient techniques for performing a task, Taylor advocated that workers should be paid a bonus and receive some percentage of the performance gains achieved through the more efficient work process. According to Taylor, as cited in Butler (1991), greater results achieved through scientific management were attained, not through a marked superiority in the mechanism of one type of management over the mechanism of another, but rather by the substitution of one philosophy for another philosophy in industrial management. It is instructive to review Taylors philosophy of scientific management with its emphasis upon the human element, not generally associated with Taylor. This philosophy is perhaps more important and appropriate for today than individual principles of scientific management. Human resource developments should be a matter of national concerns at all levels. As technology changes, so do skill sets and other worker requirements (Butler, 1991). Criticisms of Scientific Management Over the years there have been some key criticisms against Taylors Scientific Management. One of these critics has charged Taylors system as having viewed man as a machine -a cog in a wheel- and programmed every important motion a workman had to execute to complete an assigned task (Halpern, Osofsky, Peskin, 1989). Those critics believed that that would leave workers with no discretion at all and it is tedious for all, but the most apathetic workers. Another critic added that scientific management mandates an extremely high division of labor which requires minimum skills. This left workers with no incentive to grow and develop on the job. Also, Taylors systems were criticized for not examining the sentiments of workers nor were they briefed on the purpose for Taylors time study methods. Taylors system also failed to identify the social and psychological needs of the worker, and the complaints of unsatisfactory working conditions and humiliating treatment (Halpern, Osofsky, Peskin, 1989). Employees in contemporary organizations were more highly educated and would have a better knowledge of their job scope therefore they are more actively involved in decision making. Taylors principles seem to assume that the employees of the past era would only perform simple work tasks and do not need much knowledge to complete their work. Another criticism about Taylors system was that its reward structure was bound by how an individual performed. However, it stands to reason that modifying the original reward structure to extend to a team or workgroup, the result would be applicable to todays organization (Halpern, Osofsky, Peskin, 1989). Can scientific management be used successfully in contemporary organizations? In todays organizations, many companies still use Frederick Taylors basic theories of scientific management in organizing and designing their jobs despite the fact that many managers and production engineers may not necessarily subscribe to the hypothesis behind Taylors theory (Pruijt, 2000). Many big companies have taken up Taylors ideas and applied them very effectively, even transforming the process. (Peaucelle, 2000). An example of a reputable company using Taylorism is General Motors (GM). GM has publicly acknowledged the importance of employee performance and team performance (Butler, 1991). In one of its programmes, GM ranked employees against each other, essentially grading the employees individual performance. Based on the performance, bosses had to enforce pay differences between the tiers. On top of that, GM also set up a recognition award fund to be doled out in lump sums to high performers, regardless of the competitiveness of their salaries. This encouraged better cooperation among co-workers, enabling better efficiency within the company. This is a successful implementation of Taylors Fourth Principle which rewards the individual for their specific task performance, There are a number of points that make the theories of scientific management attractive to todays managers. One of the core attractions is the promise that the best possible method, the one best way will be used. However, Taylors strong belief that â€Å"a one best way† to work might be a matter of idealistic debate. When we compare todays organizations, another core attraction of Taylorism is: it promises to be a means against what Taylor called systematic soldiering. This concern is as relevant to todays managing organization as ever. Pruijt (2000) supported that statement by analyzing the productivity gap in a European and a Japanese organization; at Daimler in Germany, the current strategy was based more on responsible autonomy, whilst in Japanese plants, standard worksheets are used to specify the order of operations and the time allowed for them. Therefore, with respect to Taylorism, when granted autonomy, workers in mass production do not put in a maximum effort. It would seem then that for certain organizations, the Second and Third Principles are effective. Despite the advantages of Taylorism in todays organization, there are still some drawbacks. Pruijt (2000) mentioned that one of the drawbacks identified is that Taylorism is expensive because it entails creating jobs for non-value adding supervisors and other indirect workers. On top of that, Pruijt (2000) also noted that Taylorism is not favorable to flexibility, although it boosts numerical flexibility by making it easier to quickly put together new workers in a production process, and it allows workers to be laid off without losing knowledge from the organization. In todays corporate management, Post-Taylorism, as stated by Peaucelle (2000) is adopted but it does not abandon Taylorisms objectives, rather, there is the addition of new objectives which includes productivity (efficiency), flexibility, deadlines (timeliness) and quality variety (diversity). Although these new objectives are sometimes pursued through entirely new activities when executed, the Taylorisms traditional methods may also sometimes be employed. However, Peaucelle (2000) argues that new objectives are unachievable without adversely affecting efficiency in a modern company using Taylorism. Peaucelle (2000) further explained that increasing supply would be the only way to shorten delivery periods, which is costly due to limited product range and the whole operation becomes more unaffordable as the product range is diversified. In addition, diversity would also appear to be very expensive as it diminishes the size of the manufactured series. Furthermore, quality would be achievable only if inspection points are increased, and with the help of qualified, and thus more expensive workforce, hence adding more cost to production. Lastly, flexibility would also emerge as ambiguous with regards to heavy and rigid investments in heavy industrial equipment purchased at lower prices. For instance, in Japan, since it was necessary to have a high school certificate in order to work on the automobile production line, the high level of education corresponded to added competence, and was certainly paid for. As discussed by Peaucelle (2000), this is consistent with the analysis of efficiency-wage reactivity. Therefore, in comparing to the traditional Taylorism, workers are paid above the minimum wage whereas the post-Taylorism company pays its workers a higher wage for increased competence since it is a way of attaining its objectives. Conclusion The findings suggest that Frederick Taylors theory still exists in todays organizations. His principles of management can still be used successfully in todays organizations, with adjustments to cater for the modern workplace and its demands.

Juvenile Crime Rates :: essays research papers

Juvenile delinquency is a complex social problem that significantly impacts all members and processes of a social structure. Delinquency refers to a set of behaviors that are not in line with the collective practices and/or ethics of the dominant social group. Essentially, these behaviors deviate from societal norms and more specifically they violate established criminal codes and laws. Juvenile delinquency incorporates not only general criminal activity but conduct that is only unlawful for youths such as running away from home and skipping school. Current research into this difficult and pressing issue reflects a vast range of theories about, and predictors of delinquency as well as a multitude of strategies to control and reduce overall delinquency. The consensus among practitioners and researchers however maintains that juvenile delinquency is a dynamic, multifaceted problem with numerous potentially causal factors. Subsequently, investigators and professionals suggest that treatment procedures must focus on not only the immediate issue of the offender’s deviant behavior but on every element within the context of that behavior as well, including for example, family relations and social support services/networks. Conventional practice has long associated early preventive measures with positive delinquency reduction results. In particular, timely recognition of at-risk youth and correction of ineffective or minimally effective parenting techniques are critical to the prevention of future delinquency (Lundman, 1993). Numerous risk factors have been identified as indicators or predictors of juvenile delinquency and those factors represent dysfunction at several levels, specifically within the structure of the offender’s family. Some of these factors include conflict within the family, a lack of adequate supervision and/or rules, a distinct lack of parent-child attachment, instability, poor home life quality, parental expectations, out-of-home placements and inconsistent discipline (Shumaker, 1997). Social service professionals who frequently come into contact with children must be especially vigilant in order to detect the presence of any of the possibly contributory conditions mentioned above and to refer families to appropriate sources of assistance as early as possible. Generally speaking, the relationship between family conflict and delinquency is significant. There are many types of family conflict but the absence of communication and the inability to solve problems are two of the most fundamental forms relative to future delinquency. The nature of these conflicts is cyclical in that communication and problem-solving breakdowns increase the incidences of delinquency which in turn increase the stress and conflict levels within the family leading to more instances of deviant behavior (Smith & Stern, 1997).

General Muhammed Zia-ul-haq - Pakistan History :: essays research papers

Q. Discuss in detail the Islamization programme of General Muhammed Zia-ul-Haq as the president of Pakistan. A. Islamization Programme of General Muhammed Zia-ul-Haq: - Background: - General Muhammed Zia-ul-Haq proclaimed Martial Law in 1977 and assumed the office of the President of the country. The then government had to issue several martial law regulations to effectively control the aggravating situation in the country. There is one strong opinion which has effectively prevailed over the years and that is hat the process of Islamization, in fact, began the day the Qadianis were declared as non-Muslims on their negation of the finality of Prophethood in 1974. The opinion seems to carry some weight as the action of the Government of Mr. Z.A. Bhutto, declaring the Qadianis as non-Muslims, was understood as a step to have been taken for the safeguard of the basic tenents of Islam. However, it was the martial law regime under General Muhammed Zia-ul-Haq which took practical steps for the process of Islamization. The Islamization Programme: - The Islamization programme of General Muhammed Zia-ul-Haq contained the following steps. 1. Hadood Ordinance. 2. Qazaf Ordinance. 3. Nizaam-e-Salaat Committees. 4. Zakat Ordinance. 5. Ushr Ordinance. (a). Central Zakat Council. (b). Provincial Zakat Council. (c). District Zakat Committee. (d). Tehsil Zakat Committee. 6. Establishment of Federal Shariat Court. 7. Interest Free Banking. 8. Compulsory teaching of Pakistan Studies and Islamiat. 9. Ordinance for the sanctity of Ramzan-ul-Mubarak. 10. Ban of Nudity. 11. Arabic News. 12. Use of Dopatta. 13.Majlis-e-Shoora. in contravention to this Ordinance was liable to three yeas imprisonment and a fine of RS. 500/-. However, hospitals, railway stations, seaports, bus stands, trains and airports were exempted from this Ordinance. The Government in order to make Pakistan a real Islamic State strived hard to introduce Islamic System in the country. The Government for this reason needed staunch support and cooperation from the masses. Pakistan at that time was passing through the transitory stage towards the ultimate goal of achieving an Islamic society. A very long span was required to mould Pakistan into an Islamic State. 10. Ban of Nudity: - The Government imposed a strict ban on the display of nude posters particularly on portraying women as publicity symbols. Display of nude scenes and moving films with nudity were also banned ob the television. 11. Arabic News: - Everyday, five minutes were reserved for Arabic news on the television.

Marketing Planning & Strategy – Nestle

BHO3435: MARKETING PLANNING & STRATEGY INTRODUCTION TO STRATEGIC MARKETING PLAN: ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS Prepared by: Sarah Aljenfawi Bashayer S. Kout Fatimah Rawan Membership of Reporting Body: – Environmental Analysis – Market & Customer Analysis – Competitive Analysis – Internal Analysis 1. Membership of Reporting Body: In response to the assessment our group has mutually agreed to investigate the strategic operations of the Boost Juice. The team is composed of four members. Each member has been allocated a specific scope to investigate further as listed below: †¢ Environmental Analysis: Market & Customer Analysis: †¢ Competitive Analysis: †¢ Internal Analysis: 2. Aim of Report: 3. Background and Context: I. Brief Description of Industry: Nestle is a multinational company based in Switzerland. Nestle operates in food industry. In 1905, Nestle was formed as a result of a merger between a Swiss and English company which was established in 18 66. Initially, Nestle started to offer condensed milk formula and milk related products to customers (Nestle, 2013). Later on, it expanded its offerings to other food related items.Gradually, Nestle grew and made significant success stories. In the First World War and also in Second World War, Nestle expanded its products to other countries. The company produces snack and health related products. The head quarter of Nestle is in Vevey. In terms of revenues, Nestle is the largest food company of the world. The objectives of Nestle are to become leader in Health and Wellness and nutrition. In addition to this, the company also aims to be trusted by other stakeholders regarding its business and financial performance.Nestle offers wide range of products and services. The portfolio of company covers all categories of food and beverages industry. The aim of Nestle is to provide healthy eating and drinking experience to customers so that they can enjoy every stage of their life. In 2010, N estle offered a Nestle Cocoa Plan which aimed at provision of 38 plantlets to farmers to help them to rejuvenate productivity of their farms. In 2011, Nestle became the first company which made a partnership with Fair Labor Association (Nestle, 2013).Through this partnership, Nestle helped to investigate child labor practices in the cocoa farms which supply raw materials in its factories. II. Brief Description of Company: The industry analysis of food and beverages suggests that there will be significant growth in future. The global food and beverages industry composes different sectors which include food production, distribution, marketing, retailing and catering. Since 2009, global food and beverages industry has surpassed the total value of $5. trillion. In the economic growth of every country, this industry is one of the significant contributors. It is expected that by 2014, global food and beverages industry will grow at the rate of 3. 5% and will achieve value of $7 trillion ( Business Vibes, 2013). In 2008, food product sector had value of $3. 2 trillion. This industry included agriculture sector products. It is expected that by the end of 2013, the value of this sector will reach to $4 trillion (Business Vibes, 2013).The beverages sector of global food and beverages industry consisted products such as soft drinks, spirits, ciders, beers and wines. This industry accounted for $1. 4 trillion in 2008. It is expected that by the end of 2013, this industry will reach at $1. 6 trillion. This generates a growth rate of 2. 6% in beverages sector (Business Vibes, 2013). The growth trends in global food and beverages industry suggest that there is great opportunity of further investment in this industry.This growth rate is also reflected in the consuming power of customers. New companies can achieve substantial share from market in this growth phase period of global food and beverages industry. On the other hand, existing firms in global food and beverages indust ry can also expand their businesses. III. Key trends affecting the industry According to Nestle’s annual report for the year 2010, it has shown that several trends have occurred and caused a major impact on the food industry in general and Nestle in particular.Whereas, the recession that has happened in the year 2009 has caused a major decline in the economic growth for almost all of the businesses and especially in Nestle, which also has led to an increase in the unemployment rate. Therefore, the company’s economic environment has continued to be ambiguous in the year 2010, and that would basically has led to an inflation period regarding the business’s raw materials, as well as currency instability in the mentioned year. (Consolidated Financial Statements, 2010)Although the world’s economic crisis presence in the year 2009, however, Nestle has experienced its strongest growth by the final quarter of that year, and that mainly gave Nestle a great opportu nity to enter the industry with their maximum power. Furthermore, with the company being motivated and be able to perform with its best has remained consistent throughout the year, even in the end of the year 2010 when almost all of the businesses were suffering and trying to recover from the world economic crisis.Thus, Nestle has entered the year 2011 with great energy and was able to put themselves together and perform with their best, As Nestle has stated: â€Å"this will help us to manage the challenges? that we face and to take full advantage of our opportunities to drive? better performance and enhance shareholder value. † (Consolidated Financial Statements, 2010). IV. Key industry success factors â€Å"Key success factors have a share in enabling a company to differentiate itself from its competitors and to offer a ‘unique selling proposition’ to customers or consumers†. Batra, Myers and Aaker 1996; Ketelhohn 1998). 4. Statement of problem to be inv estigated References Nestle, 2013. History. Available at: http://www. nestle. com/aboutus/history Assessed on 17th March, 2013 Business Vibes, 2013. Available at: http://www. businessvibes. com/blog/facts-and-figures-global-food-and-beverage-industry Assessed on 17th March, 2013 Batra, R, J G Myers and D A Aaker (1996), Advertising Management. 5th ed. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall

Mousetrap Car

Law of Conservation of Energy said that Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it may be transformed from one form into another, but the total amount of energy never changes. By winding the spring on your mousetrap car, you store energy in the spring as potential energy. This stored potential energy will convert energy into kinetic energy as the mouse-trap car begins to move. But there is friction and in order to overcome friction you have to do more work.Friction converts energy into heat and sound which takes away energy from your motion, causing the car to stop as its energy is turned into other forms. When designing a mousetrap car, there are two variables that truly determine the overall performance: friction and energy. If my mousetrap car has too much friction, the energy in the spring will be turned too quickly and my mousetrap car will not travel very far or accelerate very fast. The smaller the friction is, the farther the mousetrap will move my car.It your car has a force advantage, then your car will move super fast Law of Conservation of Energy said that Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it may be transformed from one form into another, but the total amount of energy never changes. By winding the spring on your mousetrap car, you store energy in the spring as potential energy. This stored potential energy will convert energy into kinetic energy as the mouse-trap car begins to move. But there is friction and in order to overcome friction you have to do more work.Friction converts energy into heat and sound which takes away energy from your motion, causing the car to stop as its energy is turned into other forms. When designing a mousetrap car, there are two variables that truly determine the overall performance: friction and energy. If my mousetrap car has too much friction, the energy in the spring will be turned too quickly and my mousetrap car will not travel very far or accelerate very fast. The smaller the friction is, the farther the mous etrap will move my car. It your car has a force advantage, then your car will move super fast

Expand on a pervious piece, Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Expand on a pervious piece, - Essay Example I would like to admit that the various writing assignments that we have always been given in class coupled together with my extensive research on writing skills have influenced my approach to language. On the other hand, attitude is the determinant of success in each and every realm. Fundamentally, the word can be defined as an individual’s perception on a specified objective and the means by which he or she strives to achieve the goal. Geared to achieve comprehensive success in the second half of the class, I have decided to put my attitude and priorities right. I believe it all begins with me. Nobody was born perfect; instead each and every successful individual began from a point. I, therefore, believe that I can also make it to be the best writer in the world. As a result, I have promised to read widely and wildly in preparation for the next term. I hope my efforts shall not be in vain but instead shall sharpen my skills to the next level. Dales The beauty of the scenery o f the Youlgreave village in Derbyshire is unbelievable. I had never been to the gorgeous rural community before. However, mum’s glamorous and attractive depiction of the parish as a home of natural beauty often aroused my anxiety. As a result, I gradually developed a far-fetched desire to have a personal experience and a clear view of the Promised Land. For that reason, when I heard that my class was to visit the village, I was as blissful as a creepy-crawly in a hearth rug; perhaps the most happy in the class. Certainly, I was not going to sleep on the frivolous night before the D-day of pure magic. Just to ensure that everything was in place, I decided to pack my clothes in my travel bag. In addition, I was not going to put on any other dress other than the best outfit in my closet. My younger brother, James, could not believe that I was going for a trip to Dales. He was also an admirer of the virtually remarkably attractive village. Perhaps he felt jealous. However, he kne w I could not carry him with me and even if I would, I am sure he could not have put up with the large company of my classmates. On that wonderful morning, I woke up earlier than anybody else at home. I took a cold bath and dressed up in my favorite outfit. A few minutes later, mum got up from bed and immediately headed to the kitchen to prepare breakfast for the family. She was surprised to find me already dressed. She is always the first to get up from bed. She wakes up at around 5.00 am to prepare breakfast and clean the compound. However, to find me awake that early on that particular day was certainly untainted mystery. She had a reason to be that surprised. Mum is always a staunch cook; to me, she is the best chef in the world. So when she brought the breakfast to the table, I could actually guess how delicious it was going to be. Mum beckoned me over with a wave to join her in the kitchen to help carry the sweat smelling food to the dining hall. The dining table was pleasantl y arranged and within a few minutes; everybody sat around the table. James, my apparent admirer, sat next to me while mum and dad sat on the opposite edge of the table. The meal was extraordinarily mouth-watering. Perhaps mum prepared with a target of making me happy on my best day. Of course, she had succeeded. A few minutes later, I took off to the school compound where we had purposed to meet. I was not going to

Is patient protection and affordability act really affordable Research Paper

Is patient protection and affordability act really affordable - Research Paper Example According to CBO the Act will not only bend the healthcare cost curve, but will also help in reducing the deficit in the next ten years and beyond (PPACA Detailed Summary, n.d.). The aim of this paper is to evaluate the Act and find out if it is economically viable or not for the Americans. For this purpose I intend to explore the peer reviewed articles in order to understand the economic effects of the Act. Towards the end a conclusion shall be made based on the findings of the research. Howard (2011) has discussed in detail the economic consequences of the Act in his article â€Å"The Impact of the Affordable Care Act on the Economy, Employers and the Workforce†. Howard is of the view that the Act is neither affordable nor a solution to the healthcare problems of the Americans. Instead, it would lead to increased problems and cost pressures along with economic degeneration and unemployment. Reducing the fiscal deficit leads to economic growth and job creation. If the US government continues to spend money without any cost effective plans, the US economy will soon be crippled. Slowing the growth rate of the health care cost is therefore a good option. The Act however asks the middle class to purchase heavily subsidized health care insurance and doubles the size of Medicaid program because of the increased number of insured people. Howard (2011) is of the view that the Act is not a suitable way of bending the cost curve, as mentioned by President Obama. As more and more people are insured, the demand for health services would increase which would mean more expansion and spending on health care projects, such as Medicaid. The Act ensures more spending on health care and increased demand will lead to increased cost of health care goods and services. A prominent economist, Jonathan Gruber (quoted online in California Healthline, 2010), explained the Act as â€Å"a spaghetti approach† to cost control. It is just doing a lot without getting any optimal