ap case study - 1470 Words

There are many various conditions and diseases affecting the endocrine system. Here we will discuss several and describe the endocrine gland, hormone, target tissue, symptoms, causes, and treatment options. The human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) test is done to check for the hormone hCG in blood or urine (Staff, 2012). The hCG hormone is made during pregnancy by the placenta or can be abnormally made by certain tumors. The hCG test can be performed to test if a woman is pregnant or not, as part of a screening test for birth defects, in a woman who may have abnormal tissue growth in her uterus, a molar pregnancy, or a cancer in the uterus rather than a normal pregnancy. HCG levels can even be measured in a man to see whether he has†¦show more content†¦Later it was discovered that anabolic steroids could facilitate the growth of skeletal muscle which led to abuse by bodybuilders, weightlifters, and athletes in other sports. Abuse of anabolic steroids can cause acne, breast de velopment in men, heart attacks, and liver cancer. Most side effects are reversible if the abuser stops taking the drugs, but some are permanent, such as voice deepening in females. Possible health consequences for men are infertility, shrinking of the testicles, and male-pattern baldness while with women enlargement of the clitoris, and excessive growth of body hair can happen. It can affect the musculoskeletal cardiovascular system, liver, skin, cause infection, and have psychiatric effects such as rage, aggression, mania, and delusions. Treatment of anabolic steroid abuse uses medications to restore the hormonal system after its disruption, and medication to target specific withdrawal symptoms. To reduce the risk of ovarian or breast cancer some choose to have a procedure done known as an oophorectomy. This is a removal of your ovaries on each side of your uterus that contain eggs and secrete the hormones that control your reproductive cycle. This greatly reduces the amount of h ormones estrogen and progesterone circulating in your body which is the hormones breast and ovarian cancers need to grow. Though a generally safe procedure with small risk complicationsShow MoreRelatedPG: Case Study592 Words   |  2 PagesPG: Case study Key performance gaps In 2005, the renowned pharmaceutical giant PG was restructured into three interdependent global organizations, one organized by product category, one by geography, and one by business processes. During its earlier history, the company had been quite successful in generating synergy between knowledge and best practices. However, PG had begun to lag in keeping up with customer demand in terms of generating new products and bringing existing products to theRead MorePG Case Study2393 Words   |  10 PagesSummary Statement/Abstract Pamp;G is a global company that is involved in many different markets including beauty and grooming and household care. The company has been through a lot of change due to the O2005 project that was undertaken in 1999 and saw a complete overhaul of the company during those years. One product that also was involved a lot during that time was the SK-II skin care product which was popular in Japan and a man named de Cesare wanted to take the product global to either theRead MoreCase Study of PG Tide4620 Words   |  19 Pagesseason Strategy for 2 in India Brand Strategist The Dream Team Season 2 Case Study for Strategy Development S T R AT E G Y F O R T I D E I N I N D I A Case Background The Mint, 3rd December 2012: In a recent global investor meeting, Procter Gamble afï ¬ rmed that a strong momentum in developing markets continues to be a key part of its strategy. It said it will invest resources on the biggest opportunities, and aim for proï ¬ table expansion by focusing on growing markets, increasing marketRead MoreCase Study 1 for aP Essay713 Words   |  3 PagesCase Study 1 1. Briefly describe the three major layers of skin that make up healthy skin The three layers that make up healthy skin: Epidermis, Dermis and Hypodermis. Epidermis is composed of keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium. This layer provides a thick, water proof protective covering over the underlying skins. The dermis layer is composed of primarily of dense, irregular, fibrous connective tissue that is rich in collagen and elastin. The dermis contains blood vessels, nerve endingRead MoreEssay about PG Case Study916 Words   |  4 PagesIn this case of Procter and Gamble (Pamp;G) and Wal-Mart’s partnership, the main issue seemed to be caused by a third-part company’s collaboration with Wal-Mart which interfered the healthy partnership between Pamp;G and Wal-Mart, also threatened Pamp;G’s leading position in the diaper market. Pamp;G’s diaper brand – Pampers has been the industrial leader in the relevant segment for years. Pamp;G has been developing a long-established partnership with Wal-Mart based on a just-in-time ord eringRead MoreA P Case Study on Addisons Disease Essay977 Words   |  4 PagesUnit 1 Case Study Addison’s disease is from a result from damage to the adrenal cortex. These two adrenal glands are located on top of the kidneys, where they are enclosed in a fibrous capsule and a cushion of fat. . The have an outer portion, called the cortex, which is a glandular tissue derived from embryonic mesoderm. The inner portion called the medulla, which is more like a knot of nervous tissue than a gland and it is part of the sympathetic nervous system. The adrenalRead MoreCase Study of PG (Marketing Issues)913 Words   |  4 Pages| Case 5: Pamp;G | | ------------------------------------------------- Company Background Porter and Gamble (Pamp;G), founded in 1837, is one of the biggest consumer goods company over the world. Pamp;G sells shampoos, baby care products, medicine and food etc. It not only diversified the product range but also the product width. Therefore, Pamp;G has several brands under one single category but aimed with different customer segments. Pamp;G is also famous for its innovative andRead MoreCase Study: PGs Adoption of Web-Based EDC913 Words   |  4 PagesCase Huckman, R., Cotteleer, M. (2006). Proctor and Gamble: Electronic Data Capture and Clinical Trial Management. Harvard Business School 9-606-033. Boston, MA: Harvard University Press. Overview This case considers the organizational question of whether Proctor Gamble Pharmaceuticals should adopt web-based electronic data capture (EDC) as the default standard for the management of clinical drug trials. The study provides a broad overview of the existing process and asks how informationRead MoreExcess Fluid Problem: Medical Case Study of Mr P811 Words   |  3 PagesCase Study #2 Mr. P’s problem is excess fluid volume; he needs to remain free of edema, moist crackles throughout lung fields, and labored breathing as soon as possible. Mr. P should be assessed for abnormal heart and lung sounds as well as blood pressure and pulse. He will also need to be given oxygen. There must be close monitoring of his intake as well as output noting signs showing decreasing urine output in relation to overload. It is important to measure these trends because Mr. P has fluidRead MoreExploratory Case Study. Capus P. Barnett . Valdosta State1946 Words   |  8 Pages Exploratory Case Study Capus P. Barnett Valdosta State University Introduction The clients involved in this case study is an African-American 12-year-old boy ,30-year-old mother and 33-year-old father. I have been assigned to work with the 12-year-old regarding his issues with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, anger issues, mood disorder, and oppositional defiance disorder. My agency has created several goals for the client to achieve while receiving services such as mastering

What Is Organizational Effectiveness Of Effective...

Introduction: The background statement of effective management within an organization involves looking into the certain areas of management so that the system of the organization improves. The main purpose for this is that it will help organization to earn more profit and employees will be willing to work. The plan for the essay involves looking into the four areas of management. The four areas that need to be looked by the management involves total quality management, ethical behavior and corporate social responsibility, environment and culture and customer relationship. During the planning stage of management, there is a tendency of the managers to involve strengths and the opportunities in the market. The aim of the manager needs to be clear so that the goals of the organization can be achieved. There are organizational effectiveness is far more than ability of the company to make sales. The focus will be on the effectiveness in the short-term areas and in the corporate culture talent manageme nt, innovation, engagement and communication. The effective management will help in motivating the worker and creates a direction for the organization to help communicate the vision externally and internally (Barros, Gal and Kindler 2012). All the phases of the modern organization are well managed by a good manager. In the society without the existence of the managers, it is quite impossible for the organizations to survive. The main resource for the developing countries is theShow MoreRelatedHuman Resource Management ( Hrm ) Concepts1429 Words   |  6 PagesHuman resource management (HRM) concepts are strongly tied to management effectiveness as well as an organizations overall success. In this report the author will examine the importance of a strong human resource department and how that influences the day-to-day running of the business. â€Å"Increasingly, what makes organizations effectiveness is how they organize staff and manage their human capital. It’s important f or organizations to have the right amount of financial capital and hard assets, butRead MoreOrganizational Effectivness1211 Words   |  5 PagesOrganizational Effectiveness Rita Goforth March 10, 2014 CJA/474 Professor Mathew Workman Introduction Organizational effectiveness can mean many things for different organizations, from making sales to managing employees and even time and data management. Within the criminal justice organization it is much more important than just making sure the criminal justice agency is merely operating properly. Achieving and maintaining efficient productivity, performance values, and efficiencyRead More Organizational Behavior Terminology And Concepts Essay975 Words   |  4 PagesUnderstanding organizational behavior is important for everyone involved in an organization, not just the leadership and management teams. By gaining and understanding this knowledge each employee should be able to realize how their individual actions contribute to the big picture of the company. In order to understand this there are some key concepts and terminology that must be explained to make the learning process more manageable. Organizational Behavior What is organizational behavior? AccordingRead MoreManagerial Effectiveness: A Concise Definition803 Words   |  3 Pagescompetitive business environment, the relevance of effective leadership cannot be overstated. That is, with the world fast becoming a global village, organizations should ideally have effective leaders at the helm so as to remain relevant. In this text, I concern myself with managerial effectiveness. Managerial Effectiveness: A Concise Definition In basic terms, managerial effectiveness can be taken to be the achievement of the desired organizational goals, results as well as objectives by tapingRead MorePfizer Case Study1484 Words   |  6 PagesQuestion 1: Describe and evaluate what Pfizer is doing? Pfizer is the world’s largest research-based pharmaceuticals firm and also a well known Pharmaceutical company. So their most of the work depends on research, developing Strategies and innovate. They were trying to find a new way of system which makes their Work more effective and efficient. Pfizer find out that their worker spends more time on Business research and data analysis to the creation of documents and other routine Support likeRead MoreSignificance Of Strategic Value Within Organizations Success922 Words   |  4 Pagesmodern day organization, the need of practical and strategic value holds a tremendous weight in organizations. In certain scenarios, improvement within organizations can be undesirable. While examining both, practical and strategic value holds specific requirements ultimately helping product quality results. The significance in both creates necessary guidelines on aligning proper etiquette within organizations. In 2007, the author tom McKaskill defined the significance of strategic value within organizationsRead MoreAnalysis Of Organizational Management During The United States Military1545 Words   |  7 PagesAnalysis of Organizational Management in the United States Military Throughout history, the theory of what constitutes effective management practice has evolved with the changes and advances in technology and society. However, there are basic principles of each theory that have either influenced contemporary theory or are overtly used in today’s organizations. For example, the United States military overall ascribes to a classical organizational theory of management with an emphasis on transactionalRead MoreSuccessful Law Enforcement Agency Management1225 Words   |  5 PagesDrucker) An effective manager can be the difference between a successful law enforcement organization or its failure. There are several theories on effective management in law enforcement and the business world alike. Some of those theories can cross over and be helpful for a law enforcement manager. A manager can have the knowledge of all theory relative to law enforcement management, but without understanding several key concepts, the manager will in turn not be effect ive. An effective law enforcementRead MoreOrganizational Development ( Od )1130 Words   |  5 PagesOrganizational development (OD) refers to a process of enhancing personal and organizational change, and increasing the organization’s effectiveness by using interventions that are driven by behavioral and social science knowledge (Brown and Harvey 2011).The main aim of organizational development in any given organization is to bring change that will drive the organization towards attaining effectiveness in its operations. Organizations need to change in order to become more productive, satisfyingRead MoreSupervisory Roles And Theories Of Motivation1370 Words   |  6 Pagesable to motivate, encourage and empower members of their organization. In the management of Human Service programs, a supervisor has various roles that he or she must function within. In doing so, there are key supervisory processes that are influenced by theories of motivation. This paper discusses the roles of a supervisor who draws on empowerment, as well as, discusses theories of motivation used to achieve organizational effectiveness. Additionally, this paper will discuss the Human Resource

The Themes And Summary Of Antigone By Sophocles - 1318 Words

Summary of Antigone â€Å"Antigone† is a tragedy made by the author Sophocles. Antigone starts out in Thebes in a post-war atmosphere. There was a war between two brothers for the crown of Thebes. The two brothers kill each other on the battle field resulting in one of the brothers receiving the people’s love and the other being labeled as a traitor to Thebes â€Å"Both brothers were killed in Battle.† Creon, the new king of Thebes, has decided because of Polyneices betrayal he shall not receive a soldier’s death, which is against the will of the gods, while his brother will receive full honor for his bravery on the battlefield. â€Å"Polyneices, I say, is to have no burial: no man is to touch him or say the least prayer, he shall lay on the plain,†¦show more content†¦Antigone and Ismene both grew up in the higher class because of their relatives. â€Å"Antigone and Ismene enter from the central door of the palace.† Sophocles also helped in the political system of Greece. â€Å"In 443 B.C. the great Athenian leader appointed Sophocles a treasurer.† Creon was in charge of the political system in Greece because he was the king and he had to make sure everything was in place. Sophocles’ dad was an important man, he â€Å"was a wealthy weapons maker and a leading citizen.† Haemon had an important dad as well, Creon, who was the ruler of all of Thebes. Sophocles was in the military of Greece, he was appointed the rank of General and he led the military to battles. â€Å"In 440 BC. Sophocles served as a general in the siege of Samos.† Polyneices and Eteocles were both leaders in a military war against each other and they both killed each other in combat. Sophocles has been inside a war within the military. â€Å"† During the crucial Peloponnesian war, Sophocles conducted negotiations with Athenian allies.† Antigone’s brothers were both inside a war when Polyneices was trying to take back the throne. Sophocles was very competitive when he was trying to win first place in any competition relating to plays. â€Å"Athens held a dramatic competition every year, at the festival of Dionysus†¦ Sophocles won first prize at the Festival of Dionysus 18 times, frequently over such competitors†¦ Some of Sophocles’ plays won second prize – Oedipus the king, for example-butShow MoreRelatedBiography of Sophocles Essay1496 Words   |  6 PagesBiography of Sophocles Sophocles was born near Athens, in the small town of Colonus, around 495 BC. His ninety-year life span coincided with the rise and fall of the Athenian Golden age. The son of Sophillus, a wealthy armor maker, Sophocles was provided with the best traditional aristocratic education available in Athens (Page 3). Very little is known about Sophocles as a youth, although one public record suggests his participation in â€Å"The Chorus of Youths,† chosen to celebrate the Athenian navalRead MoreComparison And Contrast Of The Understanding Of Love1576 Words   |  7 Pagescannot survive without the virtue of love. As I Previously said, the understanding of love varies from one individual to the other; it can be verified through the Plato’s symposium and Antigone play. This paper tries to highlight the Plato’s and Sophocles understanding of love. Sophocles understanding of love Sophocles tries to show us the goodness of love. He stipulates that one feels incomplete without love. He further says that love makes people feel attracted to each other and they always feelRead MoreThe Ancient Greek Of Ancient Greece1690 Words   |  7 Pagesand the personnel to help them develop and bring out various themes in their plays. It will further talk about on how these dramatists manipulated the physical, cultural, political, and the verbal settings to present their different themes. The ancient Greek had a rich culture. Their political, religious, and social institutions were very strong. There are several elements of these cultural aspects that can be seen in both the Antigone and the Bacchae. Various stagecraft materials and elements alsoRead Moretheme of alienation n no where man by kamala markandeya23279 Words   |  94 Pagesï » ¿ANTIGONE KEY LITERARY ELEMENTS SETTING This tragedy is set against the background of the Oedipus legend. It illustrates how the curse on the House of Labdacus (who is the grandson of Cadmus, founder of Thebes, and the father of Laius, whose son is Oedipus) brought about the deaths of Oedipus and his wife-mother, Jocasta, as well as the double fratricide of Eteocles and Polynices. Furthermore, Antigone dies after defying King Creon. The play is set in Thebes, a powerful city-state north of Read MoreDeath By Sophocles And The Holy Bible953 Words   |  4 PagesDeath is a very popular theme in world literature; authors seem to feed off the anguish it causes readers. However, there are many types of deaths from many different eras. For example, in its broadest sense death has two forms homicide and suicide. Homicide for instance, dates all the way back to the two earliest works of literature known to man; The Epic of Gilgamesh and The Holy Bible. Suicide is also ancient, but has a much darker feel to it. Despite death being universal throughout time, thereRead MoreThe Tragic Criteria Present in Antigone by Sophocles861 Words   |  4 PagesA tragic story has its own occur of events. The main factors that always end a tragedy is through conspiracies, love, or hatred. In the story Antigone written by Sophocles, it demonstrates a tragedy filled with consequences to the characters. Antigone shows similarities to Ari stotle’s paradigm because of the plot, characterization, and actions that were pursued throughout this story. In Aristotle’s Poetics, he puts his view of how a tragedy should be portrayed to make the concept of it more understandableRead MoreComparison Of Euripides Antigone And Lysistrata1362 Words   |  6 Pagesso diverse all because of one aspect they both contain but differ in. Written during the 5th century in ancient Athens. Antigone and Lysistrata both are two important, popular plays that contain a main character that was female. Although they can both be seen as very similar, they do differ in many ways. The most important difference between Antigone and Lysistrata is that Antigone has a community that does not approve of the main character’s plans and although they feel sympathy for her, they takeRead MoreSophocles Antigone By Sophocles1892 Words   |  8 PagesAntigone †¢ Title: Antigone by Sophocles †¢ Genre: Play; Tragic drama †¢ Historical context: Written circa, 442 B.C.E. in Athens Greece. Performed circa, 441 B.C.A. Its literary period was classical. While Antigone was the first written of Sophocles’ three Theban plays, it was the last of the trilogy. It was performed during a time of national unrest. Sophocles was appointed to serve as a general in a military crusade against Samos. The significance of the historical events during that timeRead MoreA Doll House by Henrik Ibsen7379 Words   |  30 Pagesperson in his life (Cliffsnotes). Moreover, an article written by R. M. Adams explains: â€Å"A Doll House represents a woman imbued with the idea of becoming a person, but it proposes nothing categorical about women becoming people; in fact, its’ real theme has nothing to do with the sexes†( qtd. in Meyer 1136). In addition, Einar Haugen, the doyen of American Scandinavian studies, insisted that, â€Å"Ibsen’s Nora is not just a woman arguing for female liberation; she is much more. She embodies the comedyRead MoreThe Sonnet Form: William Shakespeare6305 Words   |  26 Pagesenjoyed a number of revivals and periods of renewed interest. In Elizabethan England—the era during which Shakespeare’s sonnets were written—the sonnet was the form of choice for lyric poets, particularly lyric poets seeking to engage with traditional themes of love and romance. (In addition to Shakespeare’s monumental sequence, the Astrophel and Stella sequence by Sir Philip Sydney stands as one of the most important sonnet sequences of this period.) Sonnets were also written during the height of classical

Prostitution A Dangerous And Degrading Profession

The topic of prostitution has been widely debated across history. While many see working as a prostitute as a viable career option and a right that all legal consenting adults should have, many other see it as a dangerous and degrading profession that creates both a sexualized and crime-breeding environment. The governments of Scotland, the United Kingdom, and the United States have all generally taken stances that address prostitution in strict manner. While the approaches by which the US, the UK, and Scotland do respond to prostitution are quite different, all three governments seem to share a similar desire---to maintain the safety of the general public. This concern for the safety of each country s citizens can be seen through the†¦show more content†¦Clients are the individuals who pay to have sex with the prostitutes. â€Å"Johns† are a common term for the male clients of the sex industry. Due to the fact that there are significantly more male clients than femal e clients, there has been very little research on female clients, and there is no specific slang term for them. A â€Å"brothel† is a house in which clients go to have sex with prostitutes (â€Å"Definition of Brothel†). At the beginning of the 20th century prostitution was legal throughout the United States, but in 1910 the United States Congress passed the Mann Act. The Mann Act banned all interstate transportation of women for the purpose of selling of sex. The goal of this act was to prevent human trafficking, but it obviously also impacted the legal sex industry as well (R.W.A.). Prostitution still existed throughout the United States after Mann Act was created, but in 1915 most states had voted to criminalize prostitution (Jenkins). While there are federal laws pertaining to prostitution, the legalization and criminalization of prostitution is an issue that is voted upon by state governments. When prostitution affects international issues (such as the national or international transportation of people for the purpose of selling sex, or if prostitution is found on federal property, it is an issue that the federal government handles. State governments regulate laws on legalizing prostitution and choosing punishments for those involved inShow MoreRelatedThe Stigma Of Prostitution, And Sexual Slavery1326 Words   |  6 Pages Feminists are concerned whether or not a prostitute controls her own sexual identity. Others believe prostitution is degrading, and sexual slavery towards woman while someone like Martha Nussbaum, believe its not threatening a woman anymore more than any other paid job. Where do you stand when it comes to prostitution? Personally I’m concerned with the moral factors and the harm it brings to women both physically and mentally. Throughout this paper I will examine the issues and questions whichRead MoreProstitution and Ethical Values Related to It954 Words   |  4 PagesProstitution and Ethical Values related to it Introduction Prostitution can be defined as â€Å"The act or practice of engaging in sexual intercourse for money,† and is usually provided as an underground service. A person who works in this field is called a prostitute, and is a kind of sex worker. Prostitution is one of the branches of the sex industry. The legal status of prostitution varies from country to country, from being permissible but unregulated, to an enforced or unenforced crimeRead MoreThe Untold Story : Legalization Of Prostitution1308 Words   |  6 PagesThe Untold Story: Legalization of Prostitution The legalization of prostitution is a matter long overdue because it would have a positive impact on the economy, set programs in place to improve quality of life for the victims/workers of the industry, and provide educative resources to bring awareness to the youth about the world’s oldest profession. Not a lot of light is shed on prostitution, let alone the sex industry in a state like Nevada where it is legal in 8 counties nor that up to the lateRead MoreShould Prostitution Be Legalized?1868 Words   |  8 Pagesin this country, individuals take up jobs that provides a service that society deems a necessary need, whether that profession be a doctor, teacher, engineer, labor worker, or prostitute. All of these jobs exist in the United States; however, all of them except prostitution is legal and are equipped with rights and rules (Nussbaum 669). The only law that exists concerning prostitution is the one that outlaws it. Its legislation is due to the nasty stigma people ha ve towards it since it is believedRead MoreShould the United States Legalize Prostitution? Essay1148 Words   |  5 PagesProstitution in its legal sense is defined as sexual intercourse of some kind in exchange for some kind of payment, usually money (Adriaenssens and Hendrickx 665; Perer 826).As of 2013, there are an estimated 1 million to 2 million prostitutes active in the world wide sex work industry today (Adriaenssens and Hendrickx 666). Prostitution is illegal in the United States; however, many experts think that should change. Most European and Asian countries have legalized prostitution (Agustà ­n 74). SomeRead MoreProstitution Paper2092 Words   |  9 PagesA Look at Lars Ericsson: Charges Against Prostitution Lars Ericsson proves his conclusion that prostitution is morally unobjectionable through three separate premises. The first is It is morally unobjectionable for a consumer to purchase nonsexual services from a supplier in a free exchange on an open marker. Ericsson intends morally unobjectionable to mean that there is no moral reason to object to a certain service. A free exchange is one in which both parties agree upon a certain serviceRead MoreAnalysis of Bells Opinion on Prostitution1609 Words   |  6 Pagesshould also have the right to sell their sexual services if they freely choose to do so. Although sex work has always received a lot of criticism from the society that we live in but according to Bell (2009) rather than looking as sex work as degrading and unrespectable it should be treated as a work of any other kind. It is Bells (2009) opinion the sex work doesnt necessarily have to be harmful to the women. Bell (2009) believes that in a society where there are rules and laws to protect theRead MorePoverty And Its Effects On Africa1951 Words   |  8 Pagesjourneys not only showed us the many varying cultures but also the many different occupations of the impoverished, such as begging, bottle collecting, and prostitution, each of which comes with their own trials and tribulations. The occupations which will be discussed in depth in this paper will be prostitution. As defined by the Prostitution Control Act 1994, â€Å"means the provision by one person to or for another person (whether or not of a different sex) of sexual services in return for paymentRead MoreProstitution As A Form Of Survival1755 Words   |  8 Pagesthrough their head, well that is just a stereotype. Prostitution is known as the world’s oldest profession, and today it takes many forms, from dangerous street walking to luxury brothels. Prostitution is the exchange of sexual acts for money, food, rent, drugs, or other material goods. In summary, women and men, prostitute themselves when they grant sexual access for money, gifts, or other payment and in so doing use their body in commodity. Prostitution is a complex system throughout the world. EconomicRead MoreThe Realm Of Sociology, By George Herbert Mead1466 Words   |  6 Pagessociological concept to learn. There are so many perspectives in this field because society teaches us so many new things everyday. They impact our worldview and how we view, respond, and react to every experience. Prostitution is a big topic of discussion when it comes to deviance. Prostitution is deviant because it falls outside the norms of human sexuality. It is the practice or occupation of engaging in sexual activity with someone for payment. According to society, it is viewed as dysfunctional behavior

Philosophy Moral Theory

Question: Write about the Moral Theory forPhilosophy. Answer: Introduction The word theory is a Greek verb which means to contemplate. Scholars have not agreed on some fine details about its definition but they seem to be having an understanding on its basic definition. They suggest that it is an explanationof phenomena considering how it relates with various factors in context to describe or foretell happenings. Demystifying the term further,(Hegel, Houlgate 2008)explains this complex principle as a cluster of interconnected simplifications illustrating new findings which can be simplified to give a description or foretell a phenomenon. There are various theories that attempt to explain the existence of various phenomena. This piece of work will focus onnormative theories. These theories are studied under the branch of ethics called normative ethics. This is the branch that studies ethical action. It deals with a group of questions that come up when determining how an individual should behave in a moral way. The most classical theories in this category would be the utilitarianism, Ethical Egoism, Kantian, Social Contract and Virtue theories. TheUtilitarianism and Kantian theories will form the basis of this piece of work. The society is composed of people of varying characters. There are those who are out- going, others conservative, attention seekers, those who want to just be heard and never seen. This is to mean that a system to bring stability should be improvised. Certain standards to govern the sanity of the society need to be put in place. This calls for endorsement of correct moralsaiming at ensuring that all God's creatures live together in harmony.To ensure sanity of the society, (Hinman 2014) emphasizes on the results and not just the nice intents. To begin with, utilitarianism is a philosophy in which upholds the pleasure of the largest population of a community is taken as the best way out. This principle an act as correct if the end results brings pleasure. It further suggests that human beings ought to act on that which brings the highest inner value to all human beings. Additionally, a connection ofa behavior with a joyful and unjoyful consequence is determined by circumstance.Mill emphasizes that there is no moral principle or absolute standard necessary under this ethical principle. This theory was first propounded by two scholars,John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) and another English philosopher Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832). Bentham, who was the second proponent of this theory, supposed that people ought to intensify the total amount of pleasure in the universe, (Durant 1926). Pleasure in this context refers to that awesome feeling that is felt when a state of deficiency is replaced by satisfaction. They suggested that the moral worth of an actis examined by the input to general use in attaining the highest level of pleasure among human beings. This is to mean that Millers Principle begins with the internal pleasure that is considered valuable. The aim of this particular theory is to offer a commanding revelation of moral life, one that has a possibility of reducingor eliminating disagreement. This theory is the morally demanding principle which requires that an individual puts aside his own selfish interest for the sake of the majority. It also demands that one does the most to maximize the utility. In regard to this theory, G.E Moore, emphasized the need to uphold values such as knowledge, justice, freedom and beauty. He proposed that the world would definitely be an enhanced place if these values were upheld. For him, this would ensure the greater good of the society at large. Utilitarianism can either be ACT or RULE. When making a decision based on this theory, Act Utilitarianism would factor in the consequences of every act and take into consideration utility every time it performed. Rule utility on the other hand would look at results of individuals following a specific rule and decided the repercussions of adopting it or leaving it out. Kantian theory was propounded by a German scholar Immanuel Kant (1724-1804). He was among the strong opponent of Utilitarianism. The theory suggests all people should follow a given standard .He adds that this is an ethical set typically and is not different depending on the specific conditions. He further adds that an action is morally acceptable it is of benefit to the whole universe. Immanuel does not focus on the majority of the population concerned; he takes into consideration the entire population unlike Miller who says that an action is right when it benefits the majority of the people in the population. Kant insists on a given set standard of behavior. Miller on the other side has no defined set standard of behavior. The correct standard of behavior is determined by the situation. Kants morality postulates thepresence of sensible persons. He believes ina society of independent, balancedindividuals have self-worth and internal worth, and is taken to be absolutely in charge of the decisions in the making the general law. For Kant, there are certain types of actions that by principle are absolutely uncalled for and by standards are condemned for being wrong. These kinds of actions include murder, theft, lying, corruption which has become rampant in most institutions. Kant is categorical that whether or not these actions or activities bring happiness to the greater populations, the principle governing Kantian theory categorically puts them as wrong and prohibited. The guiding questions to making an ethical decision under Kants normative theory is: Would I purposefully want everyone to behave as I wish to behave? If the answer is NO, then that particular action should not be undertaken. The second question to consider when dealing with the Kantian theory would be whether or not ones behavior respects the objectives of the people other than an individuals own selfish needs. If the answer is NO, then that action would not be appropriate for that given situation. Utilitarianism and Kantian theories have over the years been used to explain behavior. They have on numerous occasions been used to determine how to behave in a given situation. They help to determine the ethics. (David Resnik 2015) ethics are the norms of conduct that distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable behavior. These two theories have different ways of determining whether an action done is correct or wrong. They give a basis on how to determine what is ethical in a given situation. At any one given time, a situation may occur and the determinants of the correct decision have to take into consideration which of the Normative theories to use to benefit to the larger population. This however does not mean that these theories exist in isolation. Though they have huge variations and weakness, they complement each other. The benefits of one given theory may be the demerits of the other, but if the two are used in unison then the outcome is for the greater good of the society. The scenario below will be applied to practically give an understanding of the two normative theories. It is during the December festivities and the entire country is in a celebratory mood. This includes a lot of eating and making merry. At this moment, a widower who has a kid looks at the kid and is guilty that he cannot offer him food let alone the many gifts to be opened on Boxing Day. He has been ill and has therefore nothing. This man hails from a background of abject. He is feeling sickly, but has to make an effort to give to his child on this big day. He had been very observant and tactic. He spotted a hen that roams around and decided today was the day to go harvest it. Apparently the hen belongs to a family that is filthy rich and might not take note that one of their chicken are missing. So this day, he comes back and makes that special meal that he shares with his son. In the above case scenario, we would find instances where either of the two theories would be used to fill in the portion of the other so as to make the most appropriate moral or ethical judgment. In this case, Kantian theory whose fundamental rational principle is the categorical imperative, suggests that one ought to behave in spite of their goals but considering what everyone else would consider right. Kant is categorical in his argument, in the above instance; he would judge the situation as wrong and unacceptable code of conduct because first and foremost, the man stole. Even taking into consideration that this man stole the chicken from a filthy rich family, bottom-line is that taking what does not belong to you, is stealing and judging by Kants categorical imperative, this mans actions are unacceptable and therefore punishable by the relevant authorities. If Millers theory is applied in this case, it would consider that the man who stole the chicken stole from a filthy rich family to as to feed his child who perhaps had not been eaten for the past few days. In this situation, there are three parties: the owner of the chicken, the dad(thief) and the hungry child. Utilitarian theory in this case would not find the actions of the Thief in question as unacceptable. This is because the theory looks out for the joy and delight of the largest number. Utilitarianism theory would look at the consequences of stealing the chicken. It would take into consideration that these children have not had a meal for the past couple of days and the father stole just a single chicken which might go unnoticed. Considering the rule Utilitarianism, and having Kantian theory at the back of the mind, it is wrong to steal. However, Utilitarianism would take into consideration that this chicken might have been hit and died in other circumstances. It would therefore commend the dad for rescuing it and utilizing it to the advantage of his child. His action would be justifies even if the Act Utilitarianism was to be considered. From the above scenario, it is clear that the two theories can be used to fill up the missing part of each other. This is because the society needs to be stable to prosper, The rich require the poor and vice versa. If this does not happen then the society is unbalanced and so many problems face such a society and chances of development diminish. Combining the use of these two theories would mean that the society is called out to share. Those with surplus ought to be generous; they should not throw away food. Those not financially privileged should also make effort to see that at least they are able to provide something. Then this kind of cooperation would ensure continued development of a society. It would mean stability not because there are no moral issues but because people understand the essence of each and every one and that for growth, all people are required to do a collective job. There is progress in unity; there are also better moral standards in making judgment through considering more than one theory to make the right judgment for a given situation. References Brody, Baruch A. 1988. Moral Theory and Moral Judgments in Medical EthicsDordrecht:SpringerNetherlands. https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=3102991. Buckingham, Will. 2011. The philosophy book. London: DK Pub. https://www.credoreference.com/book/dkphilbook. Byrne, Peter. 1999. "Aretaic Moral Theory". Donagan, Alan. 1979. The theory of morality. Chicago [u.a.]: Univ. of Chicago Press. Fulford, K. W. M. 1989. Moral theory and medical practiceCambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hegel,Houlgate. 2008. Outlines Of The Philosophy Of Right. Oxford [UK]: Oxford University Press. Hinman, Lawrence M. 2013. Ethics: a pluralistic approach to moral theory. Boston, MA: Wadsworth Pub Co. Jacobs, Jonathan A. 2002. Dimensions of moral theory: an introduction to metaethics and moral psychology. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub. https://site.ebrary.com/id/10233000. Jones, Gerald, Daniel Cardinal, and Hayward. 2006. Moral philosophy: a guide to ethical theory. London: Hodder Murray. Resnik, David B. "What is Ethics in Research Why is it Important?" In ideas. 2015. Paley, William. 2002. The Principles of Moral and Political Philosophy. Indianapolis, Ind.: Liberty Fund. Sullivan, Roger J. 1989. Immanuel Kant's moral theory.Cambridge[England]: Cambridge University Press. Timmons, Mark. 2013. Moral theory: an introduction.

Insolvency Trading Relevant Law

Question: Discuss about theInsolvency Tradingfor Relevant Law. Answer: Issue Jacob and Marie are accused of engaging in insolvency trade; which is against the 2001 Corporations Act. While analyzing this case, s588G and s588H will be relied on. This is because they identify the circumstances when a liquidator can bring a case against the directors of the company, accusing them of insolvency trading, and the possible defenses that the directors of the company can use to defend themselves. Therefore, in this case, Jacob and Marie have some grounds they can defend themselves, based on s588H of the Corporations Act. Relevant Law Section 588G of the 2001 Corporations Act provides identifies the obligations of the directors of a company towards avoiding insolvent trading[1]. Company directors may seek to trade within their companies despite being insolvent, with the belief that after a period of time, they will manage to transform the financial position of the company. The law requires financial directors to be fair in their financial dealings, and they must not incur debts when they are in the insolvency status. Through this position, the intention of the drafters of the corporation act was to protect creditors from unfair borrowing tactic that are used by the directors of the company. Furthermore, the directors of a company must act in good faith and not use their position for personal gain. For purposes of defending themselves, the directors of the company will rely on s588H. The law comprises of circumstances when the directors of the company can claim protection from the courts, against the application of s588G. s95A od the 2001 Act will provide information on the concept of solvency and insolvency. Application The directors of a company will breach s 588G of the company if the company incurs a debt at a time when the company was insolvent[2]. Furthermore, they will breach this section, if they are aware that the company is unable to pay their debts, but they are unable to prevent the company from acquiring debts. Additionally, an individual will be engaging in insolvency trading if they suspect that the company is insolvent or will become insolvent at the time of acquiring the debt. If the liquidator manages to proof these assertions, then he can successfully bring a case against Jacob and Marie. To understand the possible defenses that Jacob and Marie will have, there is a need of understanding this notion of solvency, in accordance to section 95 of the 2001 Corporations Act, and the criteria used in determining whether a company is solvent or not, in accordance to the various common law principles applied in Australia[3]. Section 95A (1) of the 2001 Corporations Act provides a definition of solvency. According to this act, a company is solvent when it has the ability to pay all its debts in a timely manner and when they are due. On the other hand, s 95A (2) denotes that when a company is not solvent, then it is classified as insolvent[4]. A company that is classified as insolvent does not have the capability of paying the debts that it owes to its creditors. Furthermore, in analyzing the capability of a business organization to pay its debts, the court will look at the position of the company on the day that the debt was incurred, and not at the time of paying the debt. Additionally, there are a number of conditions that an organization must meet for it to be declared insolvent. These conditions are established in the 2009 case of Sutherland v Hanson Construction Ltd[5]. Under this case law, it is the cash flow of the business organization that will determine the solvency status of an organization. However, it is important to note that the analysis of the balance sheet is not the only factor that can determine the insolvency of a business organization, in as much as it is an important factor to consider. This is a principle established in Sutherland v Eurolinx 2001 where the court made a ruling that reliance on the cash flow statement of a company cannot be used a single factor to determine the solvency of a business organization[6]. This is because companies that are solvent normally experience cash flow problems from time to time. Therefore, Jacob and Marie cannot successfully bring a defense on the solvency of their company based on the strengths of the organizations balance sheet. For instance, Jacob and Marie cannot claim that their company was solvent based on the fixed and non-fixed assets that were under their possession. However, the two can successfully carry out a defense if they can prove the conditions that are established in section 588H of the Corporations Act[7]. For instance, one of the possible defenses that Jacob and Marie can argue for is that they did not expect that the company would be insolvent at the time of incurring the debts. For instance, Jacob and Marie denote that Tania advised them that the company was solvent, and it had the capability of meeting its obligations and debts at the time the company was incurring the debts. The reason for this assertion is that the creditors of the company have been in agreement with the organization not to take any recovery process, only after they have issued a 30 day notice. Therefore, basing on the advice of their employee, Jacob and Marie were not suspicious of the insolvency status of their company. Additionally, s588H of the corporations act denotes that the directors of a company cannot be held liable for insolvent trading if they relied on the information from their subordinates, whom they believe that they are competent, reliable and responsible[8]. In the case of Jacob and Marie, Talia is their financial officer, and they employed her because of her competence, reliability and responsibility. Therefore, by relying on the information provided by Talia, the directors of the company can successfully bring a defense based on s588H of the 2001 Corporations Act. Conclusion Finally, while bringing a case against Jacob and Marie, the liquidator may denote that they engaged in insolvency trading, therefore breaching s588G of the 2001 Corporations Act. Some of the elements for a successful case against Jacob and Marie may include, if an individual is a director of the company, at the time the company was incurring debts and the company is insolvent. The liquidator must prove that there are reasonable grounds to believe that the company knew of the position of the company, but they failed to prevent the transaction. However, Jacob and Marie can argue that they were not suspicious of the insolvency status of the company, and they relied on the information from their subordinates while making a decision to engage in the trade. Bibliography Books, Journals and Articles Symon, Helen, Corporations Act 2001 (Leo Cussen Institute, 2006) Symes, Christopher Francis, The Justification And History Of Statutory Priorities In Australian Corporate Insolvency Law (2005) Case Laws and Statutes Corporations Act 2001 s95A Corporations Act 2001 s588G Corporations Act 2001 s588H Sutherland v Eurolinx (2001) 230 NSWSC (2001) Sutherland v Hanson Construction Materials Pty Ltd (2009) 232 NSWSC (2009) The New Corporations Act 2001 And Related Legislation (Butterworths, 2001)