Principles and Functions of Management

Standards and Functions of Management Out line:This article will take a gander at the Principles and Functions of Management. Which makes reference to there is a distinction between what a chief ought to do and what they really do? As per numerous authors perception. Along these lines, I will remark by use of my own insight into the executives hypotheses and ideas. Further more, it depends on an encounter and press stuffs. Because of fundamental conversations, my appraisal can be partitioned into following paragraph:I.IntroductionIn this request I will characterize:- What is a director?- Why do we need the administration?- Theories the executives: X and Y-Levels of managementII. PresentationIn this case I will clarify:- What an administration ought to do?- What they really do?- How come there are the distinctions?- How can it impact on authoritative values?II.Conclusion-Summaries the central matters Add arrangement and recommendationIII.IntroductionLong time prior, there was an idea of chief in each social class. Since i ndividuals are continually looking forward a person, who can lead association in a privilege way.The Whole TheoryThus, directors are individuals answerable for the way toward arranging, sorting out, driving and controlling the endeavors of association individuals and of utilizing every single authoritative asset to accomplish expressed hierarchical goals.The associations will in general methodology its destinations. Along these lines, they want there is a profitable work. In term of this, we have to unite individuals. It prompts consolidate encounters, information, and proficiency assets. It is probably going to accomplish more than by individuals dealing with their own. Moreover, the chiefs can make an intending to communicate objectives in term of benefit, piece of the overall industry so as to accomplish these goals the associations require to have perfect individuals having duty, to make arranging in the ideal time. The staff are required to execution the assignments given by th e supervisors. Due to Pearce and Robinson articulation that chief is: The way toward upgrading human, material, and money related commitments...

The May Revolution in Argentina

The May Revolution in Argentina In May of 1810, word came to Buenos Aires that the King of Spain, Ferdinand VII, had been removed by Napoleon Bonaparte. Instead of serve the new King, Joseph Bonaparte (Napoleon’s sibling), the city framed its own decision board, basically pronouncing itself autonomous until such time as Ferdinand could recover the seat. Albeit at first a demonstration of dependability to the Spanish crown, the â€Å"May Revolution,† as it came to be known, was in the long run an antecedent to autonomy. The acclaimed Plaza de Mayo in Buenos Aires is named out of appreciation for these activities. Viceroyalty of the River Platte The terrains of the eastern southern cone of South America, including Argentina, Uruguay, Bolivia, and Paraguay, had been consistently developing in significance for the Spanish crown, for the most part as a result of incomes from the rewarding farming and calfskin industry in the Argentine pampas. In 1776, this significance was perceived by the foundation of a Viceregal seat in Buenos Aires, the Viceroyalty of the River Platte. This raised Buenos Aires to a similar status as Lima and Mexico City, despite the fact that it was still a lot littler. The abundance of the province had made it an objective for British extension. Left to Its Own Devices The Spanish were right: the British had their eye on Buenos Aires and the rich farming area it served. In 1806-1807 the British put forth a decided attempt to catch the city. Spain, its assets depleted from the overwhelming misfortune at the Battle of Trafalgar, couldn't send any assistance and the residents of Buenos Aires had to ward off the British all alone. This drove numerous to scrutinize their loyalties to Spain: in their eyes, Spain took their duties yet didn't hold up their finish of the deal when it came to guard. The Peninsular War In 1808, in the wake of helping France overwhelm Portugal, Spain was itself attacked by Napoleonic powers. Charles IV, King of Spain, had to renounce for his child, Ferdinand VII. Ferdinand, thus, was taken prisoner: he would go through seven years in extravagant repression in the Chã ¢teau de Valenã §ay in focal France. Napoleon, needing somebody he could trust, put his sibling Joseph on the seat in Spain. The Spanish scorned Joseph, nicknaming him â€Å"Pepe Botella† or â€Å"Bottle Joe† due to his supposed tipsiness. Word Gets Out Spain frantically attempted to shield updates on this debacle from arriving at its settlements. Since the American Revolution, Spain had watched out for its own New World property, expecting that the soul of autonomy would spread to its properties. They accepted that the states required little reason to push off Spanish guideline. Gossipy tidbits about a French intrusion had been coursing for quite a while, and a few unmistakable residents were requiring a free chamber to run Buenos Aires while things set everything straight in Spain. On May 13, 1810, a British frigate showed up in Montevideo and affirmed the bits of gossip: Spain had been invaded. May 18-24 Buenos Aires was in a state of chaos. Spanish Viceroy Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros de la Torre argued for quiet, however on May 18, a gathering of residents came to him requesting a town committee. Cisneros attempted to slow down, yet the city heads would not be denied. On May 20, Cisneros met with the pioneers of the Spanish military powers garrisoned in Buenos Aires: they said they would not bolster him and urged him to proceed with the town meeting. The gathering was first hung on May 22 and by May 24, a temporary decision junta which included Cisneros, Creole pioneer Juan Josã © Castelli, and authority Cornelio Saavedra was made. May 25 The residents of Buenos Aires didn't need previous Viceroy Cisneros to proceed in any way in the new government, so the first junta must be disbanded. Another junta was made, with Saavedra as president, Dr. Mariano Moreno, and Dr. Juan Josã © Paso as secretaries, and board of trustees individuals Dr. Manuel Alberti, Miguel de Azcuã ©naga, Dr. Manuel Belgrano, Dr. Juan Josã © Castelli, Domingo Matheu, and Juan Larrea, the majority of whom were creoles and loyalists. The junta proclaimed itself leaders of Buenos Aires until such time as Spain was reestablished. The junta would go on until December 1810, when it was supplanted by another. Inheritance May 25 is the date celebrated in Argentina as the Dã ­a de la Revoluciã ³n de Mayo, or May Revolution Day. Buenos Aires celebrated Plaza de Mayo, today known for fights by relatives of the individuals who vanished during Argentinas military system (1976-1983), is named for this fierce week in 1810. Despite the fact that it was planned as a demonstration of faithfulness to the Spanish crown, the May Revolution really began the procedure of autonomy for Argentina. In 1814 Ferdinand VII was reestablished, however by then Argentina had seen enough of Spanish guideline. Paraguay had just proclaimed itself free in 1811. On July 9, 1816, Argentina officially pronounced autonomy from Spain, and under the military initiative of Josã © de San Martã ­n had the option to vanquish Spains endeavors to retake it. Source: Shumway, Nicolas. Berkeley: The University of California Press, 1991.

Catcher In The Rye :: essays research papers

     Holden Caulfield is a sixteen-year-old private academy understudy who has failed out of school the prior week Christmas. A few days before he's normal home for Christmas excursion, he leaves school, wanting to invest some energy in his own in New York City where he lives.  â â â â Though Holden is cordial with numerous individuals at school, and however he has a few companions in New York, he's continually forlorn and needing somebody who will identify with his sentiments of distance. The individual Holden feels nearest to is his ten-year-old sister, Phoebe, however he can't call her because of a paranoid fear of telling his folks he has left school. He invests his energy with an assortment of individuals, yet he can't reach any of them.      After a day of this worthlessness, he sneaks into his home to see Phoebe, yet she baffles him by being irritated at his being ousted from still another school. Holden concludes that the main answer for his staggering issue is to flee and set up another way of life as a hard of hearing quiet who won't have to speak with anybody. Very nearly an apprehensive breakdown, Holden adjusts his perspective and chooses to rejoin his family. He at that point enters a medical clinic or rest home not a long way from Hollywood, California, and he is disclosing to us his story while in this establishment.  â â â â At the novel's nearby, Holden isn't sure whether he'll have the option to deal with things better when he leaves the foundation, and he's sorry he recounted to his story by any means.      Catcher in the Rye is a rich mental representation of a kid who's alarmed at the possibility of growing up, a kid who has not many of the instruments important to confront the world all alone.

Political Correctness In The Classroom Essay -- essays research papers

Political Correctness In The Classroom Schools in Canada have as of late become the battleground for the battle about how much political accuracy ought to be permitted to penetrate grade school study halls. One can take different sides when managing such issues as fierce toys, â€Å"good clean fun†, the advantages and impediments of political accuracy. There is a lot of contention about vicious toys which are a long way from being considered politically right. The toys that enter many evaluation school study halls all through the nation may likewise appear to be hostile to individuals who attempt to be as politically right as could be expected under the circumstances. I can recall an occurrence including myself, a water weapon and an educator back in grade four. What had happened was that I considered onto school grounds with a modest plastic watergun. As I continued down the corridor an educator paid heed to my â€Å"water-squirting† gadget. She drew closer me and stopped the toy from my hands . Numerous primary school instructors accept that rough toys can lead, and frequently lead to brutality if the kids are permitted to play with the toys in an unaided situation.      Something that used to be viewed as acceptable clean fun has gotten a steady disappointment to instructors and guardians all over the place. Numerous teachers on break obligation who have watched youngsters at play have come to accept that harsh play which may look honest can and frequently leads to genuine savagery. The integrity of encouraging political rightness in the study hall is its ...

When Loyalties Collide Familial and Religious Alliances in Dr. Ogata, a Memorandum and O-Gin - Literature Essay Samples

Loyalty is a character trait which is held in high esteem throughout the world, and even people who do not explicitly value loyalty still have loyalty to certain ideas. Whether it is to people, ideas, religions, or objects, most people carry numerous loyalties to things that they care about. However, occasionally two loyalties collide with each other and become mutually exclusive with one another. This is the case in two of RyÃ… «nosuke Akutagawa’s short stories. In both â€Å"Dr. Ogata, a Memorandum† and â€Å"O-Gin†, characters are forced to choose between their loyalty to beliefs and loyalty to their family. Although the stories are different, by examining the similarities and differences between them such as the situation the protagonist is faced with and the bias of the narrator, one can discern Akutagawa’s beliefs on whether loyalty to people or loyalty to religion is more important. â€Å"Dr. Ogata, a Memorandum† follows a woman named Shino who is a believer in the â€Å"Kirishitan†, or Christian faith and is told from the village Doctor Ogato’s point of view. Following the death of Shino’s husband, she converted from the traditional faith system to a new faith, Christianity, much to the chagrin of those around her. She took her faith very seriously and â€Å"She and daughter Sato worshiped each day before a tutelary image called a ‘kurusu’ [cross],† however, because it was contrary to the popular belief at the time, â€Å"soon she was disowned by her relatives and the village officials were said to be meeting frequently to discuss formally banishing her from the village†. Aside from the scorn she received from her peers, Shino’s different beliefs did not seem to cause her any significant issues until her daughter got sick. One day she approaches the narrator, Dr. Ogata, and asks him to do a pulse dia gnosis on her daughter, Sato, who is extremely sick. However, he refuses her, saying that her â€Å"behavior of late is truly offensive. In particular, I have heard that you often vilify the people of our village,-including me; you say that our worship of the gods and Buddha is an act of heresy†¦If you want me to perform a pulse diagnosis, you must first renounce your faith in the Kirishitan sect†. Ogata will not help Shino or her daughter because he disagrees with their faith system. Shino then refuses him and somberly returns home to her sick daughter. However, the next day she returns to the doctor and pleads with him again to save Sato, which he again refuses unless she denounces her faith. This time, she accepts and renounces her faith, which she proved when she â€Å"took one of those kurusu things out of the breast of her kimono, laid it on the entryway step, and silently trod upon it three times†. Shino was extremely loyal to her religion, however, she was also very loyal to her daughter. Therefore, when the two began to clash, she was forced to choose between the two. She chose the latter, sacrificing her religion in order to potentially save her daughter. However, when the doctor goes to help Sato, he discovers that she is too sick for him to be able to help her. He leaves, much to Shino’s dismay, and Sato dies shortly after. Following this, Dr. Ogata goes past Shino’s house to discover that Sato has been brought back to life by a Christian figure from a neighboring town. The story of Ogata is not the only story concerning Christianity that Akutagawa wrote. His other story that discusses Christianity is â€Å"O-gin†, the story of a young Christian girl named O-Gin, who lived and practiced her religion during a time in which â€Å"As soon as a person was discovered to be following the teachings of the heavenly lord, he was either burned at the stake or impaled on the rack† (82). O-Gin’s parents died when she was an infant, at which point she was taken in by a Christian couple. She was then raised in this religion and was very pious. Despite it being illegal, â€Å"Many times O-Gin would stand in the shade of the fig tree by the well, looking up at the large crescent moon and praying with her whole heart†. However, one day she and her family were caught practicing their religion, and thus they were thrown in jail, tortured, and sentenced to be burnt at the stake. The entire time that they were being tortured, they stayed true to their religion, until they were tied to posts, about to be burned at the stake. They were given one last chance to denounce their religion, and after a pause, O-Gin decrees that she will give up her religion because her â€Å"parents do not know the teachings of Our Heavenly Lord, and by now they must have fallen down into inherno [hell]. It would be unforgivable of me to enter the gates of Haraiso [Heaven] without them†. Her adoptive mother then tells her husband that she will burn to death â€Å"not because I want to go to Haraiso, but because I want to be with you.† They both then fall from grace so that they can all go to hell together. These stories obviously have many similarities. In both stories, a person is faced with a situation in which they must decide between their religion and those that are close to them. For Shino, if she did not give up her religion then she would lose her daughter. O-Gin was put in a very similar position, wherein she was forced to either follow her religion and go to heaven but be separated from her deceased parents, or go to hell and be with her family. In both situations, they were forced to either be loyal to their religion and beliefs or to their family, they could not do both. Not only is the situation similar in both stories, but the outcome is as well. Both O-Gin and Shino choose their family over their religion, and they both have a somewhat happy ending. Therefore, if they both chose their family over their religion and it turns out relatively well for both, the stories indicate that choosing family over religion is a better choice, and thus family is more important than reli gion. Although the stories are remarkably similar, there are slight differences between the two, and one such difference is the bias of the narrator. O-Gin’s story is narrated by a character who is not directly involved in the story and it is not very clear what their view on Christianity is. However, although it is not easy to discern the narrators view on Christianity, it is not impossible. At the beginning of the story, the narrator is discussing the prophet of the traditional religion, Shakyamuni, and says that â€Å"his teachings were obviously a pack of lies, and just as obvious was the enormous evil of Shakyamuni himself.† In addition to this, while discussing O-Gin’s parents who followed the traditional religion at the time, he says that they never had the â€Å"opportunity to learn these truths† because they died still believing in Shakyamuni’s teachings. Additionally, the narrator continually refers to the officials who persecute O-Gin and her f amily as Satan, which indicates that they not only believe in Satan, who is a Christian figure, but they believe those who block others from following Christianity to be evil. At the conclusion of the story, the narrator is discussing the outcome of the story when he says that in one account of this story, â€Å"Satan, overjoyed at the way things turned out, changed himself into a huge book and flew around the execution ground all night. The author of this present tale is highly skeptical: was it so great a victory for Satan as to prompt such excessive celebration?† This shows that the narrator is the author, who himself is skeptical if this story truly was a victory for Satan. This means that he does not believe that this story, in which loyalty to people is prioritized above loyalty to religion, is â€Å"bad† in the Christian religion. Therefore, the author does not believe that choosing family over religion is wrong. In contrast to O-Gin’s story which is narrated by a character who appears to be favorable of the Christian faith, Dr. Ogata, the narrator of the first story, is vehemently opposed to Christianity. The proof of his disdain of Christianity is the fact that he refuses to treat a potential very sick patient, Sato, who will die without his aid because he disagrees with their religion. His disapproval of the religion is also shown by his reaction to Sato’s resurrection. While observing this scene, he noted that â€Å"the spring shower produced intense thunder just as the bateran was entering this village. I take this to mean that heaven was showing its abhorrence for him†. The narrator is opposed to religion and paints this exchange in a negative light, despite the fact that he â€Å"had never heard of a case like Sato’s, in which a person who has died from cold damage disorder regains his soul†. Ogata was educated enough to be a doctor, and yet he had ne ver heard of a situation similar to Sato’s in which someone came back to life after dying from her disease. Therefore, it can be surmised that there is no scientific reasoning for Sato’s resurrection, meaning that her resurrection occurred due to her faith. Therefore, this would seem to indicate that within the canon of this story, their religion, Christianity, is correct. Additionally, despite the fact that Shino sacrificed her religion to save Sato, her religion still helped her and saved her daughter. This means that even though Shino chose her daughter over her religion, Christianity did not forsake her for it. Therefore, Christianity, would not punish Shino for sacrificing her religion to save her daughter. When viewed separately, both of these stories stand alone as interesting explorations of family and religion. However, when compared to one another, themes arise that can be used to discern the author’s opinion on certain issues, such as loyalty to family and religion. In both stories, the protagonist is forced to choose between their religion and their family. Both choose their family, and both stories work out to their favor. Additionally, the different perspective of the two narrators reveals that the decision made by the women to prioritize their family was right. Therefore, by comparing the two stories, one can see that the author, Akutagawa, believes loyalty to family to be more important than loyalty to religion.

Dimension Of Financial And Management Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

This research focuses on three different dimension of Financial and management accounting. in the first part it gives a clear picture of company law and professional accounting frameworks which can be used to make financial reports of different companies comparable and reliable. Furthermore, the second given question was Discounted Cash flow and its importance for the business investment appraisal. Lastly, the third part of this research assignment is discussing the importance of profitability and liquidity and how a business can manage its working capital to reduce the risk of short term liquidity problems. An introduction to each mentioned topic is given in the following separate paragraphs. Financial statements are the sum or conclusion of the performance of a company over a specified span of time which as a result, represents a clear financial status of a company. There are different types of financial reports which are created by a company, but the major reports are: The Balance Sheet, Profit and Loss Statement and Statement of Cash flow. In order to make different companies financial report comparable there has to be a certain rules which should be followed by all companies. These rules are some forced by government in which all companies are being entitled to obey certain rules while preparing the reports. In UK, all companies must act in accordance with provisions the Companies Act 1985. In addition to company law, companies which are listed on stock exchange are required to follow Stock exchange rules and other professional accounting framework such as IFRS. (Atrill, P and Mclaney, E. 2005) Discounted cash flow is very useful techniques which are used in a wide variety of businesses. Mortgage loan are one of the best examples. Therefore, Discounted Cash flow (DCF) techniques are much preferred by the companies while making investment decisions. As an illustration, DCF analysis is a capital budgeting practice which is used to analyze and quantify the receipt and payment of a particular project or business venture. DCF methods are given preference in investment decisions because it takes in the account the importance of time value of money and amount of risk involved in acceptance of a project. (Ramagopal, C. 2008) Liquidity and profitability are equally important for existence of a company. A company which cannot pay its creditor on time or cannot meet its short term expenditures will easily become insolvent or bankrupt. On the other hand, Profitability is the amount of revenue exceed from its relevant expense. Therefore, both profitability and liquidity are equally important factor for survival of a business. Working capital is the difference between current asset and current liability. Management of working capital can reduce the risk of liquidity problems in the short run for a company. (Avadhani,V.A. 2010) Professional and Legal Regulatory Framework of Accounting (Task 1) Financial Reports and Accounting Frameworks: Financial statements are used to make fair decision by various numbers of users. Therefore, the major users of financial reports are classified into: Employees, Present and Potential Investor, Lenders, Customers, Suppliers and other trade payables, Government, and The Public. The objective of financial reports is to provide necessary and objective information about the company performance in order to allow users make sound economic decisions. (Atrill, P and Mclaney, E. 2005) Financial statements are the overall conclusion of the performance of a company over a specified span of time which as a result, represents a clear position of a company. There are various types of financial reports which are prepared by a company, but the major reports are: The Balance Sheet, Statement of Cash flow, Profit and Loss Statement, and The statement of changes in equity. (Atrill, P and Mclaney, E. 2011) UK Government Accounting Standards Untitled.png Source: Catalogue Pearsoned. 02.09.2013 In order to make different companies financial report comparable there has to be a certain rules which should be followed by all companies. These rules are some forced by government in which all companies are being entitled to obey certain rules while preparing the reports. In UK, all companies must act in accordance with provisions the Companies Act 1985 (CA 1985) which is now changed to Companies Act 2006. Under the mentioned Act, every company is entitled to present their Balance sheet and Income statement at the end of each financial year with true and clear vision. In addition, companies, under Schedule 4 of CA 1985, are further restricted to follow certain format and provide additional information by way of notes. Moreover, Companies in UK should also comply with Financial Reporting Standard and other professional guidance. And these are: Accounting Standards: these are comprised of Financial Reporting Standard (FRS) and Statement of Standard Accounting Practice (SSAPs) which have been issued and adopted by Accounting Standard Boards (ASB). Majority of companies apply these two standards. Financial Reporting Standard for Smaller Entities (FRSSE): this sum up all accounting format which UK small entities are restricted to follow. International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS): these are issued by International Accounting Standard Board (IASB). All UK Stock exchange listed companies are required to follow this standard. However, unincorporated companies are exempt from IFRS accounting regulations. Limitation of Financial Reports: Although Legal and professional accounting framework are designed to meet quality factors (Relevance, reliable, objective, and comparable), but still there are some limitations attached to financial reports which cannot be ignored. And these limitations are: Conventionalized representation: Business are different in their nature and financial reports are prepared in a highly standardized way. This can limit usefulness and comparability of information. In addition, users often find difficult to understand the component of business since financial reports are highly aggregated. This means several information is combined together and presented in a very few figures which often users struggle to find their correct path. In addition, Standards are basically general purpose which ignores to identify the difference between large and small entities. (Elliot Barry, Elliott Jamie. 2008) Adverse allocative effects: this can occur if economic consequences as a result of standard regulation are not taken into account by standard setters. For example, preparing such reports in accordance with standard may cost companies higher than their normal reporting system. Now this can affect the company profitability which can be regarded as an adverse effect. (Elliott Barry, Elliott Jamie. 2008) Backward-Looking: Users are interested in future and certainties however, financial reports are based on past events and provide information which has already affected the company. Non-Financial information: financial statements do not take into account non-financial factors. This factors could highly affect a company performance. Such as: Business risk and opportunities, Management policies, company performance and prospects analysis, and description of the business major operation. Other information: basically some companies provide additional information along with its financial report. This additional information is not always relevant to most users is most of the cases. And this could further affect objective and comparability of financial reports. Discounted Cash flow and its importance in investment decisions (TASK 2) Companies need to invest in projects in order to expand their business activities and become leader in the market by increasing their market share. Since there are various techniques which are used to analyze an investment decisions, Discounted Cash flow (DCF) techniques are much preferred by the companies while making investment decisions. In other word, DCF analysis is a capital budgeting practice which is used to analyze and quantify the receipt and payment of a particular project or business venture. DCF methods are given preference in investment decisions because it takes in the account the importance of time value of money and amount of risk involved in acceptance of a project. Time Value of Money: The concept of Time value of money is based on the fact that a pound received today has higher value than a pound received next day. Even a child prefers todayacirc;s enjoyment than waiting for tomorrow. According to Ramagopal, C. (Financial Management. 2008) there are several factors which support the concept that Money has time value. Risk and Uncertainity: there is risk and uncertainities always involved in future. Out flows are in a company control but there are is no any gurantee for future cash inflow. Thus a pound today is regarded to have higher value than a pound in future. Present Need are more important: businesses generally prefer current expenditure and consumption. Opportunity to invest: an individual or a business can invest money today so that they could gain benefit of Interest or profit as a result of their investment. Inflation: Inflation in an economy will decrease the money purchasing power. Most government have structural inflation which is fixed every year thus a pound received next year will have much less purchasing power than a pound received today. To make this concept more clear let suppose that 100 pound is invested today in a bank with a return of 10% interest rate each year. At the end of year one the interest which will be paid for initial investment is 10 pound and the total amount will be 110 pounds. Therefore the value of 110 pounds to be received after a year is equivalent to the value of 100 pound received today. Discounted cash flow are very useful techniques which is used in a wide variety of businesses. Mortgage loan are one of the best examples. Interestingly, DCF methods can also be used by Investors while purchasing companies stocks. In addition, Managers use this method to identify potential investment decisions or choose the best investment decision among several projects. The overall application of DCF methods is to convert future cash flows into present value by discounting these cash flows at the rate of company cost of capital. (Kern, Andy. 2010. The importance of DCF Valuation) For example, we purchase a 20 year debenture on the day it issued on the market at face value price. So when we purchased this debenture, in fact we invested on this company and over the period of 20 years we expect to receive an amount greater than the value we purchased. Therefore, the value of this debenture today is calculated by discounting the value of principal and interest to be received over the period of 20 years. Or in other word, the value of today debenture equal to the sum of discounted value of interest and principal payment it will make over the 20 years. Advantages of Discounted Cash Flow It can be used to identify the value of a business as whole or also it can be used to determine the value of a specific project or component of a business that can be added to the overall value of business after conducting certain investments. It is simple and easy to calculate and understand. But it can be modified to deal with complex structure. In addition, both equity shareholders and investor can use this model to appraise investment. Investor can use DCF techniques to discount the value of shares or debenture in to current amount and calculate the amount of interest they earn over period of time. Meanwhile, companies can also use DCF method to evaluate investment decisions and make proper and sound investment in projects so that the value of the company is encouraged if the NPV or IRR is greater than cost of capital. Profitability VS Liquidity and Working Capital Management to Reduce Liquidity Problems (Task 3) Liquidity and its importance for business survival: Liquidity is generally referred to the ability of an entity to meet its short term obligation or in other word the ability of a company to convert assets into cash. The term short term is basically known as those obligation which matures within one year period of time. Short term is also sometimes regarded as operating cycle: buying, manufacturing, selling and collecting. Liquidity is very much equally important for existence of a company. A company which cannot pay its creditor on time or cannot meet its short term expenditures will easily become insolvent or bankrupt. Moreover, companies operation and reputation will be in huge danger if the firm is unable to meet its short term obligation. Lack of sufficient cash on hand may affect company to lose some incentives from suppliers which will result in higher cost of goods or services. Thus, higher cost will result in less amount of turnover and profit. Therefore, companies always consider liquidity as an important factor and they always try to retain sufficient amount of liquidity. Nevertheless, there is not any standard procedure with regard to company liquidity requirement but mostly it depends on nature of business, location of the business, scale of operation and so on. (Avadhani,V.A. 2010) Liquidity is one of the major concerns for users while making any sort of deal with the company. Every stakeholder is interested in companies which has higher liquidity. Suppliers will only deal with the company when they know that their money will be received in specified time and the company is able to provide money for their good and services provided. Shareholders are interested in profitability, however they know higher liquidity will give the company the opportunity to get incentives from suppliers which will result in lower cost of goods and services and finally higher profit and dividend or capital gain. Lastly, Bank and other financial institutions always consider companies liquidity position before signing any sort of contract or loan agreement. The liquidity position of a company can easily be understood by looking at it financial statements. Current asset and current liability are the areas which locate the company liquidity position. In order to understand the liquidity position of a company, a number of ratios can be used. These majors are Current Ratio and Quick Ratio. (Singh, Y.P. 2007) Profitability and its Importance for business survival: Profitability is the amount of revenue exceed from its relevant expense. Generally both profitability and liquidity are equally important factor for survival of a business. However in the short run a business need to be liquid enough to proceed with its operation but in the long run profitability comes into consideration. Business which are not profitable in the long run will just simply become insolvent. There is an inverse relationship between profitability and liquidity. The higher profitability the less liquid will be the company. This can best described in the following example: If the asset side of a company balance sheet is arranged in a sequence of liquidity, we will get the following order. So if we see the above order, as we go from top to bottom the liquidity decreases. However, profitability is totally vice versa. Fixed assets are more profitable for the companies as compare to receivables, securities and cash. Higher liquidity will result in lower risk and lower profit. However, lower liquidity will result in higher risk and higher return. As a result, there is a trade off between profitability and liquidity. Therefore, the role of managers become more dominant to set certain targets which could achieve both partially so that the business can maximize its profit while meeting its obligation successfully. Working Capital Management to reduce risk of Liquidity problems: Working capital is the difference between current asset and current liability. And this helps us to understand the position of a company from liquidity point of view. Based on the above definition, working capital of a company can take one of the following forms. Positive working capital: current asset is greater than current liability Negative working capital: current asset is less than current liability Zero working capital: when current asset equals current liability It is generally accepted that higher the positive working capital, better will be the firm liquidity position.Furthermore, managing working capital is not just related to current asset and current liability but it also relies on fixed assets and long term funds. (Satyaprasad, B.G. Raghu, G.A. 2010) Factors which determine working capital: There are various factors which determine the amount or level of working capital for a particular business. These factors are positioned in the following diagram:11.png Source: Satyaprasad, B.G. Raghu, G.A. 2010 Financing of Working Capital and Liquidity: Once the size of working capital is determined, then the management of the company need to decide the financing of working capital. There are three major policies to finance working capital called conservative policy (Approach A), Average policy (Approach B), and Aggressive policy (Approach C). If a company invest huge amount of money on current asset rather than fixed asset then it is considering conservative approach. Similarly, if the business invest average in current asset then it follows Average working capital approach. Finally, if the business is investing very less on current asset or in other word, business consider its focus on investing heavily on fixed assets then it said to be Aggressive policy or approach. These approaches are best described in the following diagram. (Satyaprasad, B.G. Raghu, G.A. 2010)1212.png Source: Satyaprasad, B.G. Raghu, G.A. 2010 Working capital management is also referred to operating efficiency. It all about How efficient the management of a firm could manage its inventory, receivable and payables to reduce short term liquidity problems. The best operating firms never want to have inventory sitting idly in a warehouse for months or years, and at the same time they never run out of product when it comes to selling point of view. Companies are on buying products, raw material from suppliers on credit term and the more the period available to pay off its debt for a company, the lesser liquidity problems will arise. Similarly, companies sell products or services to customer. The period of time the company receive their money from customer also have a huge impact on the liquidity of a firm. Therefore, Companies need to consider several ratios such as Inventory turnover, payable turnover, and receivable turnover in order to reduce the risk of liquidity. Nevertheless, operating efficiency and ratio analysis reduce the liquidity problems in short period of time. (Money-Zine. 07.02.2013) REFRENCES Atrill Peter, McLaney Eddie. (2011). Financial Accounting for decision Makers, sixth edition. Published by Pearson Education Limited Avadhani, V.A. (2010). International Financial Management. Management of Longterm International Financing. Published by. Himalaya Publishing House Catalogue Pearsoned. Accounting Rules and Regulation. Accessed by 02.09.2013. followed by https://catalogue.pearsoned.co.uk/assets/hip/gb/hip_gb_pearsonhighered/samplechapter/Dysonch2.pdf Elliott. B and Elliott. J. (2008). Financial Accounting and Reporting 12th Edition. Finch Clare. (2008). A studentacirc;s guide to International Financial Reporting Standards Second Edition. Published by: Kaplan Publishing UK Kern Andy. (2010). Transparent Value See the Market Clearly. The Importance of Discounted Cash Flow Valuation. Retrieved from https://www.rbpinstitute.com/PDFs/how-is-rbp-used/The%20Importance%20of%20Discounted%20Cash%20Flow%20Valuation.pdf Money-Zine. Effeciency Ratios. Accessed by: 07.02.2013. followed by: https://www.money-zine.com/Investing/Investing/Efficiency-Ratios/ Satyaprasad, B.G. Raghu, G.A. (2010). Advanced Financial Management. Working Capital Management. Published by Hamalaya Publishing House Sharma, S.P. (2008). Advanced Financial Management : Modern Methods and Techniques. Published by Paradise Publisher Singh, Y.P. (2007). Accounting and Financial Management for I.T. professionals. Published by New Age International. Pp 120-130. Ramagopal, C. (2008). Financial Management. Published by New Age International Bibliography: Desai, Vasant. (2009). Financial Markets and Financial Services. Published by: Himalaya Publishing House Financing Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (2008): An Independent Evaluation of IFCs Experience with Financial Intermediaries in Frontier Countries. International Financial Corporation. Published by World Bank publication. Gordon, E. Natarajan, K. (2010). Financial Markets. Published by Himalaya Publishing House Koutmos, Gregory. (2007). European Financial Markets. Published by: Emerald Group Publishing Ltd Smith, Barry. (2010). Introductory Financial Accounting. Published by: Open University Press. Temte, Andrew. (2005). Financial Statement Analysis. Published by: Dearborn Trade, A Kaplan Professional Company

ap case study - 1470 Words

There are many various conditions and diseases affecting the endocrine system. Here we will discuss several and describe the endocrine gland, hormone, target tissue, symptoms, causes, and treatment options. The human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) test is done to check for the hormone hCG in blood or urine (Staff, 2012). The hCG hormone is made during pregnancy by the placenta or can be abnormally made by certain tumors. The hCG test can be performed to test if a woman is pregnant or not, as part of a screening test for birth defects, in a woman who may have abnormal tissue growth in her uterus, a molar pregnancy, or a cancer in the uterus rather than a normal pregnancy. HCG levels can even be measured in a man to see whether he has†¦show more content†¦Later it was discovered that anabolic steroids could facilitate the growth of skeletal muscle which led to abuse by bodybuilders, weightlifters, and athletes in other sports. Abuse of anabolic steroids can cause acne, breast de velopment in men, heart attacks, and liver cancer. Most side effects are reversible if the abuser stops taking the drugs, but some are permanent, such as voice deepening in females. Possible health consequences for men are infertility, shrinking of the testicles, and male-pattern baldness while with women enlargement of the clitoris, and excessive growth of body hair can happen. It can affect the musculoskeletal cardiovascular system, liver, skin, cause infection, and have psychiatric effects such as rage, aggression, mania, and delusions. Treatment of anabolic steroid abuse uses medications to restore the hormonal system after its disruption, and medication to target specific withdrawal symptoms. To reduce the risk of ovarian or breast cancer some choose to have a procedure done known as an oophorectomy. 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